Materials on air pollution, Air Quality Index, Kyoto Protocol. Wikipedia articles, published online; http://scipeople.com/users/2943391/;

Russian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2005, pp. 414–420. Translated from Ekologiya, No. 6, 2005, pp. 452–459; ABSTRACT: Principles of the theory of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems are formulated. In developing this theory, the results of the author’s experiments with filtering hydrobionts have been used. These results indicate that the water selfpurification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, surfactants. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the biological resources of aquatic ecosystems. The first paper to formulate in detail the new qualitative theory of multifunctional activity of organisms in improving water quality, in other words, the theory of water self-purification by organisms. http://5bio5.blogspot.com/2014/03/article-on-multifunctional-role-of.html ; http://www.researchgate.net/publication/227317445_On_the_Multifunctional_Role_of_the_Biota_in_the_Self-Purification_of_Aquatic_Ecosystems; link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11184-005-0095-x‎; Additional data in support of the conclusions of this paper: see the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. Key words : aquatic ecosystems, water quality, water self-purification, pollution, theory. DOI 10.1007/s11184-005-0095-x Print ISSN 1067-4136 Online ISSN 1608-3334 journal: http://link.springer.com/journal/11184
Vol. 36, No. 6, 2005, pp. 414–420.

http://scipeople.ru/publication/104392/; Biomachinery: a new concept that was introduced in hydrobiology and aquatic ecology by Dr. S.A. Ostroumov in 1999, with some additional publications in 2005 and 2006. Ostroumov S.A. Filter-feeders as part of ecological biomachinery to purify water // Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 2005. Vol. 29/2 (Stuttgart, E.Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung), p.1072-1075; The author introduced a new fundamental concept in the science of hydrobiology and aquatic ecology: biomachinery of water self-purification. The aquatic invertebrates that are filter-feeders constitute a vital part of the complex of aquatic organisms which are involved in the biomachinery of improving water quality. http://www.citeulike.org/user/ATP/article/9925779; Table of contents, and the cover: http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/es/verhandlun-167002902-desc.html; http://www.borntraeger-cramer.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510540662/XXIX-Congress-Lahti-Finland-8---14-August-2004; A more detailed presentation of this and some relevant concepts: http://www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/619_Vital_role_of_aquatic_organisms_in_improving_water_quality; Ostroumov S.A. Biomachinery for maintaining water quality and natural water self-purification in marine and estuarine systems: elements of a qualitative theory // International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography. 2006. Vol. 1, No.1. p.111-118. www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/100141.pdf; Advantages of using the concept and term ‘biomachinery’: (1) it provides an excellent framework to integrate knowledge on biotic and abiotic processes contributing to improving water quality; (2) it provides excellent opportunities to compare natural and technological processes , and as a result, to draw useful conclusions and lessons from ecological facts, to apply them to technology of water, and to management of water resources. How the term 'biomachinery' was introduced to science: it happened in 1999. See the abstract: Ostroumov S.A. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems. - Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ASLO, Waco, TX. 1999. P. 134; Dr. S.A. Ostroumov initiated and chaired the session "Ecosystems as Hi-Tech Water Purification Biomachinery" at the ASLO Meeting Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico; it is the first time that he introduced the scientific term ‘biomachinery’. Key words: water, quality, pollution, oceanography, water_quality, mollusks, mariculture, hydrobiology, filtering_activity, filter_feeders, filter-feeders, eutrophication, ecosystems_services, ecosystems, ecology, control, biosphere, biomachinery, biological, benthos, aquatic_ecosystems, aquatic, bivalves, marine, freshwater

http://scipeople.ru/publication/99473/; http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/16361_Role_of_Biota_in_Self-Purification; Ostroumov S. A. On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems. - Russian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2005, pp. 414–420. Translated from Ekologiya, No. 6, 2005, pp. 452–459. Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Abstract. It is the first publication that formulated a detailed conceptualiztion of principles of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems. In developing this fundamental in-depth analysis and formulating a new system of fundamental principles, the results of the author’s experiments with water filtering by filter-feeders have been used. These author's results discovered that the water self-purification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, synthetic surfactants and detergents. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the water resources and biological resources of aquatic ecosystems. http://www.springerlink.com/content/y6370w774lk7g786/; DOI 10.1007/s11184-005-0095-x; Additional details, and relevant publications see at: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/13782_Worldwideevaluationsevidenceofmerit; [Main innovations made by Dr. S.A.Ostroumov]; A related paper see: Hydrobiologia. v.469:117-129. see: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/13471_Hydrobiologia_v469117-129; Hydrobiologia. 2002. vol. 469, pages 117-129. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification Key words: functioning of ecosystems ecosystem services aquatic ecosystems, water quality, water self-purification, pollution, theory, ecological safety, biota, organisms, marine, freshwater, water filtering, surfactants, biological resources, discovery, innovations, new data, new findings, aquatic ecology new ecotechnology ecotoxicology man-made changes anthropogenic effects new conceptualization habitat sustainability ecological stability.

Суммированы рефераты и аннотации ряда статей и книг автора по вопросам экологии, гидробиологии и биосферных наук, опубликованных в 2002-2004 гг. http://scipeople.com/publication/99207/; Среди названий работ: Биохимическая экология и гидробиология: вклад в устойчивое использование биоресурсов и развитие экономики; Загрязнение, самоочищение, восстановление водных экосистем; Pollution, Self-purification and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems; Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders; On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems; О некоторых вопросах поддержания качества воды и ее самоочищения; On some aspects of maintaining water quality and its self-purification; Об экологическом механизме формирования качества воды в водных объектах. элементы теории и ее приложения; Восстановление нарушений на экологическом уровне: самоочищение воды и экологическая репарация; и др. Ключевые слова: Биохимическая экология, гидробиология, устойчивое использование биоресурсов и развитие экономики; Загрязнение, самоочищение, восстановление водных экосистем; Pollution, Self-purification and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems; water filtering activity, filter-feeders; Multifunctional Role, Biota in the Self-Purification, of Aquatic Ecosystems; качествj воды и ее самоочищения; maintaining water quality and its self-purification; экологический механизм, формирование качества воды в водных объектах, элементы теории и ее приложения; Восстановление нарушений на экологическом уровне, экологическая репарация,

Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Volume 380, Numbers 1-6, p. 492-495. ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online). DOI 10.1023/A:1012344026176. The author introduced a new concept and term, “the synecological summation of the effects of anthropogenic factors on organisms”. In the new author’s experiments, the effects of commercial detergents, which are chemical mixtures, on bivalves (detergent OMO, freshwater mussels Unio tumidus) were studied. Detergents exert two types of hazardous effects on organisms and ecosystems: the phosphorus-induced stimulation of phytoplankton growth and surfactant-induced inhibition of filter-feeders. Because filter-feeders are an effective natural factor of control of unicellular plankton populations, the two types of the detergent-induced effects on ecosystem facilitate the growth of phytoplankton populations. Therefore, these effects sum together, thereby increasing the hazard of the man-made impact on the ecosystem. The results contribute to a better understanding of the potential ecological danger of pollutants for integral functions of ecosystems. It is the synecological summation of the effects of anthropogenic factors on plankton populations and filter-feeders that is of particular concern. The interaction between populations of plankton organisms and filter-feeders that feed on plankton should be taken into consideration in the studies on the ecological effects of synthetic detergents on these populations. Situations of man-made impact should be analyzed with using the synecological approach to the problem. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/; www.springerlink.com/index/L33309208H28L87R.pdf; DOI 10.1023/A:1012344026176; Translated from the original Russian paper: Responses of Unio tumidus to a mixture of chemicals and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects (Reagirovanie Unio tumidus pri vozdeistvii smesevogo himicheskogo preparata i opasnost sinekologicheskogo summirovaniya antropogennyh vozdeistviy). — DAN. 2001. Vol. 380. No. 5. P. 714-717. (in Rus.). Key words: bivalves, freshwater mussels, Unio tumidus, detergents, mixed chemical preparations, hazards, synecological summation of anthropogenic effects, new concept, pollution, filter-feeders, water self-purification, water quality, aquatic ecosystem, bioassay

Water self-purification [1-7] is an important example of ecosystem services. This function of aquatic ecosystems is necessary for sustainable development, and for sustainable use of aquatic resources (water resources), as well for environmental safety. The analysis made by the author in a published paper (Ostroumov, 2008) [8] showed that aquatic ecosystem (both marine and freshwater one) features a multi-component molecular-ecological mechanism for upgrading water quality. In other words, it is a multi-component, multi-process biomachinery for water quality formation and self-purification. The biomachinery includes the following items: (1) sources of energy for self-purification mechanisms, (2) the major taxa of living organisms as components of the biomachinery; (3) the biomachinery contains the functional blocks that perform functions of filters, mills, and pumps. A set of six principles was formulated. Experiments that the author carried out demonstrated how several types of chemical pollutants may produce damage to this delicate and very useful biomachinery which makes water clean. The experiments demonstrated that some chemical pollutants decreased important and useful functions of aquatic invertebrate animals which contribute to purification of water. We have found that the chemical pollutant as diverse as synthetic surfactants, detergents, salts of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Co, Ti, V (Na3VO4 •12 H2O), and oil hydrocarbons inhibited water filtration by bivalve molluscs, the marine mussels (the Latin name of the mussels: Mytilus galloprovincialis). One of the practical conclusions is that we now see another aspect of important hazard from the low, sublethal concentrations of the chemicals that pollute the aquatic environment. Not only death of aquatic organisms, but also even a decrease of their functional activity in polluted aquatic ecosystems poses some danger and risk to the water system. The potential hazard of those low levels of the chemical pollutants is that the potential of the ecosystem to purify water will be decreased. As a final result, in future we may have water of worse quality. This theory presented in [8-12] may be of interest to scientists and specialists in the following fields: aquatic ecology, water science, environmental toxicology and chemistry, ecotoxicology, and water resource management. References. 1. L. M. Sushchenya, Quantitative Parameters of Crustacean Nutrition (Nauka i Tekhnika, Minsk, 1975). 2. A. F. Alimov, Principles of the Theory of Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 2000). 3. R. G. Wetzel, Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001). 4. Yu. A. Izrael and A. V. Tsyban’, Anthropogenic Ecology of the Ocean (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1989). 5. T. I. Moiseenko, Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Geogr. 6, 68 (1999). 6. D. G. Matishov and G. G. Matishov, Radiational Ecological Oceanology (Kola Research Center, Apatity, 2001) . 7. Abakumov V. A., Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, No. 11, 34 (2006). 8. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008 (Feb), Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. [ISSN 1995-4255 (Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177; http://www.springerlink.com/content/e380263154u73045/; http://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; 9. Ostroumov S. A. Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516; 10.Ostroumov S. A. DAN 2004, 396: 136-141; 11. Ostroumov S. A. On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems // Russian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2005, pp. 414–420 (in English); Publisher: MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica co-published with Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. ISSN: 1067-4136 (Paper) 1608-3334 (Online); Ekologiya, No. 6, 2005, pp. 452–459 (in Russian); 12. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica International, 2007. 15(50), p.15-23;

Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia, 2005, 542: 275-286. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; www.springerlink.com/index/U21P83P0423J8714.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc ABSTRACT: On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filter-feeders in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others). The inhibition of the filtration activity of filter-feeders may lead to the situation previously described as that of an ecological bomb of the second type. Author formulated a list of some key functions that filter-feeders perform and in this way provide services to ecosystem. Inter alia, filter-feeders: (a) participate in the large-scale repair of water quality; (b) contribute to the reliability of the mechanism and stability of ecosystem; (c) may potentially contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity; (d) remove seston and excrete pellets, by doing so they are involved in 'ecological taxation': filter-feeders pay some ecological tax to the ecosystem; (e) contribute to acceleration (biocatalysis) of migration of elements; (f) contribute to the regulation of the metabolism of ecosystem. The paper was cited by scientists working in Canada, Australia, Russia and other countries. The main conclusions were confirmed by the other publications of the same author, see the book ‘Biological Effects of Surfactants’ (CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and sites: http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechanisms_of_improving_water_quality; References Achituv, Y. & M.L.Pedrotti, 1999. Costs and gains of porcelain crab suspension feeding in different flow conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 184: 161-169. Alimov, A. F., 1981. Functional Ecology of Freshwater Bivalves (Funktzionalnaja Ekologija Presnovodnykh Dvustvorchatykh Molluskov). Nauka press, Leningrad. 248 pp. Asmus, R.M. & H. Asmus, 1991. Mussel beds: limiting or promoting phytoplankton? Journal Experimental Marine Biology Ecology. 148: 215-232 Bacher, C., 1989. Capacité trophique du bassin de Marennes-Oléron: couplage d'un modele de transport particulaire et d'un modele de croissance de l'huitre Crassosrea gigas. Aquatic Living Resources. 48:199-214. Ball, B., R.Raine & D.Douglas, 1997. Phytoplankton and particulate matter in Carlingford Lough, Ireland: an assessment of food availability and the impact of bivalve culture. Estuaries. 20: 430-440. Bern, L., 1987. Zooplankton grazing on [methyl-3H]thymidine-labelled natural particle assemblages: determination of filtering rates and food selectivity. Freshwater Biology. 17: 151-159. Cloern, J., 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San francisco Bay? Marine Ecology Progress Series. 9: 191-202. Dame, R., D. Bushek & T. Prins, 2001. Benthic suspension feeders as determinants of ecosystem structure and function in shallow coastal waters . Ecological Studies. 151: 11-37. Dame, R., N. Dankers, T. Prins, H. Jongsma & A. Smaal, 1991. The influence of mussel beds on nutrients in the Western Wadden Sea and Eastern Scheldt estuaries. Estuaries. 14: 130-138. Dame, R., R. Zingmark, H. Stevenson & D. Nelson, 1980. Filter feeding coupling between the water column and benthic systems. In: Kennedy V. (Editor) Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, New York: 521-526. Davies, B., V.Stuart & M. de Villiers, 1989. The filtration activity of a serpulid polychaete population (Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) and its effects on water quality in a coastal marina. Estuary Coast Shelf Science. 29: 613-620. Donkin, P., J. Widdows, S. V. Evans, F. Staff & T. Yan, 1997. Effects of neurotoxic pesticides on the feeding rate of marine mussels Mytilus edulis. Pesticide Science. 49: 196-209. Frost, T. 1978. Impact of the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris on a Sphagnum bog-pond. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 20: 2368-2371. Frost, T., 1980. Clearance rate determination for the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris: effects of temperature, particle type and concentration, and sponge size. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 90: 330-356. Gutelmaher, B. L., 1986. Metabolism of Plankton as the Whole (Metabolizm Planktona Kak Edinogo Tzelogo). Nauka, Leningrad. 156 pp. Hily, C., 1991. Is the activity of benthic suspension feeders a factor controlling water quality in the Bay of Brest? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 69: 179-188. Jaramillo E., Bertran C., Bravo A. 1992. Mussel biodeposition in an estuary in southern Chile. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 82: 85-94. Kartasheva, N. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1998. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (tetradetziltrimetilammonij bromid). Toxicological Bulletin (Toksikologicheskii Vestnik). 5: 30-32. Kautsky N., Evans S. 1987. Role of biodeposition by Mytilus edulis in the circulation of matter and nutrients in a Baltic coastal ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 38: 201-212. Krylova, E.M., 1997. Abyssal bivalves of the superfamily Cuspidarioidea (Septibranchia) from the Far-Eastern seas and the North-Western Pacific. In: Kuznetzov, A. P. & O. N. Zezina (eds) Composition and distribution of bottom invertebrate animals in the seas of Russia and adjacent waters. Institute of Oceanology, Moscow: 80-84 Kryger, J., & H.U. Riisgård, 1988. Filtration rate capacities in 6 species of European freshwater bivalves. Oecologia. 77: 34-38. Kryuchkova, N.M. & V.H. Rybak, 1989. Patterns of feeding of Moina rectirostris Leydig on phytoplankton of a hypertrophic water body (osobennosti pitaniya Moina rectirostris Leydig fitoplanktonom gipertrofnogo vodoema. Hydrobiological Journal (Gidrobiologicheskiy Zhurnal) 25 (3): 28-31. Migne, A. & D. Davoult, 2002. Experimental nutrition in the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum (Cnidaria: Octocorallia): removal rate of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Cahiers de Biologie Marine. 43 (1): 9-16. Mitin, A., 1984. Effect of some environmental factors on the water-clearing activity of bivalves. Summary of Ph.D. Thesis, Moscow. 22 pp. Monakov, A. V., 1998. Feeding of Freshwater Invertebrates (Pitanie Presnovodnykh Bespozonochnykh). Institute of Ecological and Evolutionary Problems, Moscow. 320 pp. Newell, R., 1988. Ecological changes in Chesapeake Bay: are they the result of overharvesting the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica? Understanding the estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Proceedings of a Conference. 29-31 March 1988. Baltimore, Maryland.- Chesapeake Research Consortium Publication 129: 536-546. Ogilvie, S. & S. Mitchell, 1995. A model of mussel filtration in a shallow New Zealand lake, with reference to eutrophication control. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 133(4): 471-482. Ostroumov, S. A., 1998. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258. Ostroumov, S.A., 1999. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: stopping an ecological time bomb. Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ASLO, Waco, TX. Page 134. Ostroumov, S. A., 2000a. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system (Kriterii ekologhicheskoj opastnosti antropoghennykh vozdejstvij na biotu: poiski sistemy). Doklady Biological Sciences 371: 204-206 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 371: 844-846). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000b. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system (Kontzeptzija vodnoi bioty kak labil'nogo i ujazvimogo zvena sistemy samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 372: 286-289 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 372: 279-282). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000c. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 374: 427-429). Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a . Responses of Unio tumidus to a mixture of chemicals and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects (Reagirovanie Unio tumidus pri vozdeistvii smesevogo himicheskogo preparata i opasnost sinekologicheskogo summirovaniya antropogennyh vozdeistviy). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 380: 714-717. [Transl. into English and published: Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001, 380: 492-495]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Synecological foundation for the solution of the problem of eutrophication (Sinekologicheskie osnovy resheniya problemy evtrofirovaniya). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 381:709-712. [Transl. into English and published: The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001 381: 559-562]. Ostroumov S.A. 2001c. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton. Izvestia RAN. Seriya Biology (Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Biology Series). No.1: 108-116. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002a. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002b. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. Hydrobiologia. 469 (1-3): 203-204. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002c. Biodiversity and water quality: the role of feed-backs (Sokhranenie bioraznoobrziya i kachestvo vody: rol obrantykh svyazej v ekosistemakh) Doklady Akademii Nauk. 382: 138-141. [Translated into English and published: Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002 382: 18-21]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2003a. Studying effects of some surfactants and detergents on filter-feeding bivalves. Hydrobiology. 500: 341-344. Ostroumov, S.A., 2003b. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Bilogia / Biology Forum. 96: 159-169. Ostroumov, S.A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1997. Inhibition by the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, of the ability of mussels Mytilus edulis to filter and purify the sea water (Anionnoje poverkhnostno-aktivnoje veshchestvo inghibirujet sposobnost' midij filtrovat' i ochishchat' morskuju vodu). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 16. Biologija. (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 16. Biology) 3: 30-36. Ostroumov, S. A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1998. Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusc (Narushenije filtracii dvustvorchatymi molluskami pod vozdejstvijem poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv dvukh klassov). Doklady Akademii Nauk 362: 574-576. Ostroumov, S.A., N. Walz & J. Widdows, 2001. Measuring activity of filter-feeders: linking organismal and superorganismal levels of hydrobiology and biological oceanography. Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 5: 26-27. Ostroumov, S. A. , S. Dodson, D. Hamilton, S. Peterson & R. G. Wetzel, 2003a. Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 96: 327-332. Ostroumov, S.A., N.Walz & R. Rusche, 2003 b. Effects of a cationic amphiphilic chemical on rotifers. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 390 (3): 423-426. [Transl. into English and published: Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences) 2003, 390: 252-255]. Petersen, J. & H.U.Riisgård, 1992. Filtration capacity of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and its grazing impact in a shallow fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 88: 9-17. Pilson, M., 1985. On the residence time of water in Narragansett Bay. Estuaries. 8: 2-14. Rose, R., M. Warne & L. Lim, 2003. Exposure to chemicals exuded by fish reduces the filtration and ingestion rates of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia. Hydrobiologia. 501: 215-217. Smaal, A.C., J.Verhagen, J.Coosen & H. Haas, 1986. Interactions between seston quantity and quality and benthic feeders in the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands. Ophelia. 26: 385-399. Sorokin, Yu.A., P.Yu.Sorokin, T.I. Mamaeva & O.V. Sorokina, 1997. The Sea of Okhotsk bacterioplankton and planktonic ciliates. In Sapozhnikov, V.V. (Ed.) Complex studies of ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. VNIRO Press, Moscow: 210-216. Shulman, G.E. & G.A. Finenko, 1990. 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Brachiopods in a natural bottom biofilter at the shelves and slopes in the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia. In: Kuznetzov, A.P. & O.N.Zezina (eds) Composition and distribution of bottom invertebrate animals in the seas of Russia and adjacent waters. Institute of Oceanology, Moscow: 52-60. TABLES: Table 1. Examples of the impact of fiter-feeders on the water column: clearance time. Table 2 . Some examples of diversity of taxons of benthic organisms involved in removing seston from water. Table 3. Effect of the increase in concentration of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the filtration rate and the amount consumed (C, % ) by rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus. Table 4. The ratio F: P in some groups of organisms. The ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. Table 5. The ratio F : (P+R) in some filter feeders (calculated by the author per 1 unit of energy spent on the sum of productivity and respiration). Table 6. Results of the ecological tax. Biosediments formation. Table 7. Contribution of various aquatic organisms to oxidation of organic matter in the ecosystem of central part of the Sea of Okhotsk (the period of time: the summer minimum of phytoplankton, the end of July - beginning of August). Table 8. Some chemicals that have an adverse effect on the filtering activity of the filter-feeders. As a result, the amount of suspended matter removed from the water by the filter feeders decreased. Therefore the amount of suspended matter left in the water was more than that in control. Abbreviations: LD1 (E) liquid detergent E; LD2 (F) liquid detergent Fairy; SD1 (L) synthetic detergent Lanza; SD2 (I) synthetic detergent IXI; SD3 (D )synthetic detergent Deni; SD4 (OMO) synthetic detergent OMO. Table 9. Some features of water-filtering biomachinery. Table 10. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. KEY WORDS: filter-feeders, suspension feeders, water quality, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity, filtration rate, liquid detergent; synthetic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS; tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide TDTMA, Triton-X100, biomachinery, xenobiotics, pellets, ecological taxation, particles, migration of elements, regulation, ecological hazards, anthropogenic impact, plankton–benthos connections (coupling), trophic, grazing, stability, biosphere, sedimentation, faeces, productivity, respiration, biomass, pseudofaeces, suspended matter, community, microzooplankton, zooplankton (non-predatory), zooplankton (predatory), zoobenthos, fish, mammals, birds, the level–block approach, Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, M.galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, sponge, Thenea abyssorum, M. chilensis, Polichaeta, Sabellidae; Sabella spallanzanii, Serpulidae, Spongia, Porifera, Spongilla lacustris, Ascidia, Ascidiella aspersa, Bryozoa, Plumatella fungosa, Cirripedia, Balanus crenatus, Mollusca, Ostrea edulis, Decapoda, Porcellana longicornis, Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiothrix fragilis; Corals, Alcyonium digitatum, Brachiopoda, Laqueus californianus, Diestothyris frontalis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, natural seston, Appendicularia, Doliolidae, Calanoida, Spongilla lacustris (sponge), Hyridella menziesi, Crassostrea virginica, Potamocorbula amurensis, Mercenaria mercenaria, Cerastoderma edule, Ciona intestinalis (ascidian), Lake Tuakitoto (New Zealand), North Inlet (South Carolina, USA), South San Francisco Bay, Narragansett Bay, Oosterschelde, Chesapeake Bay, Marina da Gama, Kertinge Nor, Denmark, Bay of Brest, France, AFDW - ash-free dry weight; LD - liquid detergent; SD - synthetic detergent (laundry detergent in the form of powder); ecosystem services, sustainability, man-made, freshwater, marine ecosystems, aquatic organisms, biota, habitat, surfactants, rotifers, role of organisms in the biosphere, functioning of ecosystems, benthos, ecology, limnology, oceanography, biosphere, hydrosphere, ecotoxicology, environmental toxicology
Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia 2005 (July), Volume 542, Number 1, p. 275-286

Ostroumov S.A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: From the theory to ecotechnologies. – Ecologica 2007, vol. 15, No. 50, p. 15-21. (Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia) Basic elements of a new theory for the biological mechanism for water self-purification are presented. Hydrobionts (aquatic organisms) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Not only microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi), but also algae, plants, invertebrates, and many other groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. Results of the author's experiments that study the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms (freshwater and marine bivalves) are given. The theory is an innovative basis for developing ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using organisms and ecosystems. This paper generalizes and systematizes the basics of the author’s theory of the multifunctional role that the biota plays in the self-purification and ecological remediation of aquatic ecosystems using the results of previous analyses and the theory of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It is expected that on the basis of this theory some efficient ecotechnologies will emerge to remediate and restore polluted aquatic systems. The paper is based on the presentations that the author made at a scientific seminar in the V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, at the conferences 'Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms-6' (the 6th international conference that was run in Moscow in 2004) and 'Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms-7' (the 7th international conference, Moscow, 2005), XXIX Congress of International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, and other conferences. Key words: aquatic ecosystems; water bodies; water streams; aquatic pollution; bioremediation; phytoremediation; filter-feeders; bivalves; water self-purification, freshwater, marine, water quality, pollution, biota, ecotechnology References: Alimov, A.F. (1981) Functional ecology of freshwater bivalves. Leningrad: Nauka Press; Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 383, No. 5, 710-713; Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 385, No. 4, 571-573; Ostroumov, S.A. (1975) Vestnik Akademii Nauk, vol. 73, No. 3, 232-238; Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Hydrobiologia, vol. 469, 117-129; Ostroumov, S.A. (2004) On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 396, No. 1, 136-141; Ostroumov, S.A. (2006) Biomachinery for maintaining water quality and natural water self-purification in marine and estuarine systems: Elements of a qualitative theory. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, vol. 1, No. 1, 111-118; Ostroumov, S.A. (2005) Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. Hydrobiologia, vol. 542, No. 1, 275-286; Ostroumov, S.A., Walz, N., Rusche, R. (2003) Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 390, No. 3, 423-426; Alimov A.F. (2000) Elements of Aquatic Ecosystem Function Theory. St. Petersburg: Nauka. 148 p.; Ostroumov, S.A., Widdows, J. (2006) Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. Hydrobiologia, vol. 556, No. 1, 381-386; Ostroumov, S.A. (2006) Biological Effects of Surfactants. London-New York: CRC-Taylor & Francis; Ostroumov, S.A. (1986) Introduction to Biochemical Ecology. Moscow: Moscow State. Univ; Ostroumov, S.A. (2000) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 374, No. 3, 427-429; Ostroumov, S.A. (2000) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 375, No. 6, 847- 849; Ostroumov, S.A. (2000) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 372, No. 2, 279-282; Ostroumov, S.A. (2001) Biological effects of surfactants on organismy (Biologicheskie effekty pri vozdeistvii poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv na organizmy). Moscow: MAKS Press (in Russian); Ostroumov, S.A. (2001) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 381, No. 5, 709-712; Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 382, No. 1, 138-141; Sushchenya, L.M. (1975) Kolichestvennye zakonomernosti pitaniya rakoobraznykh. Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika; Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems. San Diego: Academic Press.
Ecologica 2007, vol. 15, No. 50, p. 15-21. In English.

We assembled information on 119 species of freshwater macroinvertebrate invaders in North America and Europe, and compared them to all native freshwater species in North America and Europe. We tested whether the invaders were a random or selected group among taxa (phylum or class), water quality requirements, and feeding habit. We found that freshwater macroinvertebrate invaders are not a random selection of species, and are overrepresented by molluscs and crustaceans, while taxa richness of native communities are dominated by insects. Over 35% of native species of aquatic invertebrates in North America are only able to live in areas with excellent or very good water quality, and are intolerant of organic pollution. In contrast, all invaders are tolerant of at least moderate amounts of organic pollution. There was a significant difference in the distribution of feeding habits between native species and invaders: collector-filterers (including suspension feeders) were 2.5–3 times more abundant, and predators were 3–4 times less abundant among invaders than among native invertebrates. The ongoing spread of exotic species affects the biodiversity of selected taxa, shifts communities toward greater tolerance of organic pollution and increases the numbers of suspension feeders, thereby enhancing benthic pelagic coupling in waterbodies with high densities of invaders. Because these processes are very similar in Europe and North America, we suggest that the observed patterns may have a common global effect.
Biological Invasions (2009) 11(9): 2009-2019