Найдено научных статей и публикаций: 10, для научной тематики: aquatic ecosystems
Связанные научные тематики:
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Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S. A.
, 2010
Ostroumov S. A. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. -
Rivista di Biologia. 1998; 91(2): 221-232. http://scipeople.com/publication/99122/;
PMID:...
Ostroumov S. A. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. -
Rivista di Biologia. 1998; 91(2): 221-232. http://scipeople.com/publication/99122/;
PMID: 9857844 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
According to one of approaches to the definition of criteria for the phenomenon of life, the key attribute is the ability of the life system for some self-regulating and self-supporting. Part of such holistic functions of aquatic ecosystems as self-regulating and self-supporting is their cleaning the water via a multitude of various mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to present some fundamental elements of the theory of ecosystem self-purification (water self-purification) which emphasizes the importance of the four functional biological filters that are instrumental in purification and upgrading the quality of water in aquatic ecosystems. These functional filters are: (1) direct water filtering by aquatic organisms that are filter-feeders; (2) the filter (represented mainly by communities of aquatic plants/periphyton) which prevents input of pollutants and biogenic elements (N, P) from land into water bodies and water streams; (3) the filter (represented by benthic organisms) which prevents re-entry of pollutants and biogenic elements from the bottom sediments into the water; (4) the filter (represented by microorganisms attached to particles which are suspended in the water) that provides microbiological treatment of the water column. New experimental data by the author reveal the negative role of man-made effects on the ecological machinery which purifies water. The analysis and discussion lead to the holistic theory of the natural process of bioremediation of aquatic ecosystems.
Key words: self-regulating and self-supporting, aquatic ecosystems, theory of ecosystem self-purification, upgrading the quality of water, water filtering by aquatic organisms that are filter-feeders;
communities of aquatic plants/periphyton, pollutants and biogenic elements (N, P), benthic organisms, microorganisms attached to particles which are suspended in the water, microbiological treatment of water column, man-made effects, natural process of bioremediation
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Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S.A.
, 2010
Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232. http://scipeople.ru/publication/69542/...
Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232. http://scipeople.ru/publication/69542/
табл. Резюме на англ. и итальянск. (с.232) языках. Библ. 24 назв. Из содерж.: Обобщенные концепции фильтрации воды гидробионтами, роли и функций гидробионтов, участвующих в фильтрации воды в экосистемах. Додецилсульфат натрия (ДСН, SDS) 1 мг/л ингибировал фильтрацию (35-95 мин, 16°С) M. edulis и удаление клеток Isochrysis galbana из воды. В присутствии SDS количество клеток, оставшихся в воде неотфильтрованными через 95 мин, втрое превышало количество клеток в контроле без ДСН. Назв. на итальянск. яз.: Il filtraggio biologico e i procedimenti ecologici per l'auto-purificazione degli ecosistemi acquatici. According to one of the approaches to the definition of criteria for the phenomenon of life, the key attribute is the ability of the system for some self-regulating and self-supporting. Part of such holistic functions of aquatic ecosystems as self-regulating and self-supporting is their cleaning the water via a multitude of various mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to present some fundamental elements of the theory of ecosystem self-purification which emphasizes the importance of the four functional biological filters that are instrumental in purification and upgrading the quality of water in aquatic ecosystems. These functional filters are: (1) direct water filtering by aquatic organisms that are filter-feeders; (2) the filter (represented mainly by communities of aquatic plants/periphyton) which prevents input of pollutants and biogenic elements (N, P) from land into water bodies; (3) the filter (represented by benthic organisms) which prevents re-entry of pollutants and biogenic elements from the bottom sediments into the water; (4) the filter (represented by microorganisms attached to particles which are suspended in the water) that provides microbiological treatment of water column. New experimental data by the author reveal the role of man-made effects on the ecological machinery which purifies water. The analysis and discussion lead to the holistic theory of the natural process of bioremediation of aquatic ecosystems. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9857844?dopt=Abstract; PMID: 9857844 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE];
Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232, табл. Резюме на англ. и итальянск. (с.232) языках. Библ. 24 назв. |
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Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S. A.
- Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum , 2004
Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50.
Abstract (short). A fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a...
Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50.
Abstract (short). A fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics -induced inhibition of the water filtration performed by the molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and inhibition of feeding by Limnaea stagnalis emphasized the potential ecological hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents).
Keywords: environmental hazards, man-made impacts, anthropogenic effects, pollutants, xenobiotics, aquatic ecosystems, water purification, water filtration, bivalves, surfactants, detergents, biosphere, water quality;
SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate; TX100, Triton X-100;
TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide;
ABSTRACT (EXTENDED, with fragments of the text of the paper):
Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50.
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Role of the main groups of organisms in the biological processes of water purification
4 Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor with some features
5. Man-made effects and the effects of some xenobiotics
6. Aquatic ecosystems as part of the apparatus of the biosphere
7. Conclusions.
Abbreviations: SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate; TX100, Triton X-100;
TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide;
1. INTRODUCTION
Priorities of ecological research include the further studies of ecosystem functioning (Ostroumov et al., [2003]) that include functioning towards water purification (the self-purification of water) in natural water bodies and streams.
The self-purification of water in natural ecosystems is a complex group of processes which includes physical, chemical, and biological components (Sushchenya, [1975]; Alimov [ 1981], [2000]; Skurlatov, [1988]; Uhlmann, [1988]; Izrael, and Tsyban, [1989]; Ostroumov [1998], [2001], [2002b]; Wetzel [2001]). Although biological aspects of water self-purification are generally attributed to heterotrophic microorganisms, the other groups of organisms are also known to play a significant role in this process (Sushchenya, [1975]; Konstantinov [1979], Alimov [ 1981], [2000], Wallace, and Starkweather, [1985]; Vymazal, [1988]; Walz, [1995]; Monakov[1998]; Wetzel [2001]; also, Vinberg, [1973]; Bul'on, Nikulina, [1976]; Ivanova,[1976]; Khlebovich, [1976]; - cit. in Ostroumov, [2001]).
The goal of this work was to analyze some data from the literature and our own experimental data on water self-purification under natural conditions and to formulate a fundamental concept of the aquatic ecosystem as an analog of a bioreactor (in a broad sense) that contributes to water self-purification mediated by main groups of aquatic organisms.
This paper is based on some previous publications of the author (Ostroumov [2000c], [2001], [2002a]).
2. METHODS.
The rate of water purification by macrozoobenthic filter feeders was measured experimentally as described earlier (Ostroumov [2001]). After the water sample had been kept with filter feeders for a certain time, the water filtration efficiency was monitored by the measuring the optical density of the suspension of unfiltered single - cell organisms that remained in the water column. The control samples of water were subjected to the same procedure of filtration, but without the contaminant (chemical) tested. Some other methods of the studies of the effects of contaminants on aquatic organisms are described in (Waterbury & Ostroumov [1994] , Ostroumov et al. [1997]).
3. ROLE OF THE MAIN GROUPS OF ORGANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF WATER PURIFICATION.
Self-purification of water includes the following biological processes: (1) biodegradation of contaminants; (2) accumulation and sequestration of toxicants in aquatic organisms and the resultant removal of the toxicants from the water column (e.g. Vymazal, [1988]); (3) generation and emission of oxygen required for oxidative degradation of contaminants; (4) uptake of biogenic substances (including N and P) and organic substances from the aquatic environment; (5) production of exometabolites; (6) water filtration (Sushchenya, [1975]; Alimov [1981]; Wallace, and Starkweather, [1985]; Monakov [1998]); and (7) formation of pellet and detritus particles (e.g., Wotton et al. [1998]); and their sedimentation to the bottom (for review, see e.g., Konstantinov,[ 1979]; Ostroumov [1986], [1998], [2001], [2002b]; Skurlatov, [ 1988]). This list is far from complete, and some other biological phenomena simultaneously contribute to several processes listed above. Analysis of the relative contributions of individual groups of aquatic organisms to water self-purification as an integral function of an ecosystem (Table 1) shows that the main groups of organisms simultaneously contribute to several processes of the system of water self-purification. None of the main groups of aquatic organisms can be regarded as being insignificant in terms of water purification. The role of each group of aquatic organisms in these processes can be summarized as an integral ecological rating, which is calculated as the sum of the number of pluses in the corresponding row of Table 1. It is seen from Table 1 that this rating is sufficiently high in all groups of organisms.
Thus, the whole range of biological diversity of aquatic organisms is an important factor in water self-purification (Sushchenya, [1975]; Alimov [1981, 2000], Wallace, and Starkweather, [1985]; Wotton et al. [1998]; Ostroumov [2001], Wetzel [2001]). The biota representatives of the water column, the entire ecosystem volume, the boundary regions of the ecosystem, and zones of contact between the ecosystem and its environment are involved in water purification. Activities of unicellular organisms (including those freely suspended in water, immobilized, and attached to various particles, surfaces, and substrates) (e.g., Inkina, [1988]) as well as of other aquatic organisms (e.g., Ostroumov [2001], Wetzel [2001]) suggest that an aquatic ecosystem may be regarded as a bioreactor (in a metaphorically broad sense; i.e., including biological, physical, and chemical aspects). However, unlike industrial bioreactors, such a broad-sense bioreactor has the following important features.
4. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM AS A BIOREACTOR WITH SOME FEATURES.
The first feature is a fundamental difference in the bioreactor size. The volume of technological bioreactors does not exceed a few hundred cubic meters, whereas the volume of natural ecosystems is significantly larger. For example, the volumes of lake and estuary ecosystems reach thousands of cubic kilometers: Lake Baikal, 22995 km 3 ; Lake Superior, 12221 km 3 ; Lake Michigan, 4871 km 3 ; Lake Issyk-Kul, 1730 km 3 ; Lake Ladoga, 908 km 3 ; Lake Onega, 280 km 3 ; Lake Balkhash, 112 km 3 ; and Lake Sevan, 38 km 3 ; (1 km 3 = 10 9 m 3 ). This increases the biospheric role of ecological, biochemical, and biofiltration processes in these systems. Therefore, the physical size and volume of the system within which water self-purification take place should be taken into consideration. Thus, natural ecosystems can be regarded as large-size (large-scale) analogues of bioreactors.
The second feature is the differences (in terms of size and diversity) between the gene-pool of organisms inhabiting natural ecosystems and the genetic pool of organizms grown in technological bioreactors. This difference leads to a significantly larger diversity of functional activities of organisms in natural ecosystems. Technological bioreactors are usually inoculated with monocultures or, less frequently, mixed cultures with a small number of constituting species. In contrast to technological bioreactors, the biological diversity of natural ecosystems is substantially broader. According to some incomplete estimates, the number of species in natural ecosystems is as many as several hundred to several thousand (e.g., Konstantinov, [1979]). These estimates were obtained without regard to the number of strains of individual microbial species. If the prokaryote strains are taken into account, the quantitative estimates of the biological diversity of taxa in natural ecosystems may increase by several orders of magnitude.
Third, an aquatic ecosystem is characterized by a higher degree of autonomy (including energy autonomy) than technological bioreactors. This autonomy is based on the presence of autotrophic organisms. Thus we suggest that natural ecosystems should be regarded as multispecies and diversified (i.e., based on the diversity of organisms and their functions) analogs of bioreactors, implementing a broad spectrum of catalytic functions (including transformation and degradation of contaminants).
5. MAN-MADE EFFECTS AND THE EFFECTS OF SOME XENOBIOTICS.
Anthropogenic sublethal effects (including the inhibition of physiological activities) and behavioral changes in virtually any group or taxon of aquatic organisms may decrease the bioreactor efficiency. Some sublethal effects should be regarded as a potential hazard to the purification function (Ostroumov [1998], [2000a ], [2000b], [2002a]; Ostroumov et al. [1997], [1999 ] ). Because the main groups of macroorganisms and microorganisms play a substantial role in self-purification of ecosystems, it is very important to compare the sensitivities of the organisms to various contaminants. In some cases, macroorganisms are at least as sensitive (or even more sensitive) to contaminants as microorganisms (Table 2).
According to the presently adopted regulation of ecological monitoring and bioassaying, the ability of chemical compounds to damage the self-purification potential of ecosystems is being tested using heterotrophic bacteria alone. However, it follows from Table 2 that this approach may result in an underestimation of the effects of contaminants on more sensitive biological components of self-purified ecosystems (e.g., some macroorganisms).
We obtained new data on the ability of xenobiotics to inhibit water filtration by marine and freshwater organisms and on the hygienic function of pulmonary mollusks associated with elimination of organic matter (the removal of phytomass) from the water column in aquatic ecosystems (Table 3).
Some sublethal concentrations of contaminants may inhibit vital activities of other organisms involved in the functioning of the ecosystem as an analog of a bioreactor (e.g., Ostroumov [2001], [2002a], Ostroumov et al. [1999]).
6. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AS PART OF THE APPARATUS OF THE BIOSPHERE.
V.I. Vernadsky considered the biota as the apparatus of the biosphere (Vernadsky, [2001]). To continue and develop his thought, we could consider aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biota as a key part of that apparatus. In that capacity, aquatic ecosystem carries a number of functions, not only the one function discussed above (water purification). Among those biospherically important functions are the following: (1) production of organic matter; (2) removing the excess organic matter; ( 3 ) mediating, catalyzing, and regulating biogeochemical flows and cycles; ( 4) harboring biodiversity and by doing so harboring the genetic pool of biodiversity; (5) providing links among various parts of the biosphere; ( 6) contributing to stability of the biosphere.
7. CONCLUSIONS. The fundamental concept put forward in this work emphasizes that both the biological diversity of aquatic organisms and their normal level of physiological activities are required to provide the effective functioning of an ecosystem as an analog of a bioreactor. That bioreactor carries a number of biospherically important functions and processes (we call them 'microbiospheric processes') including those of water purification (environmental remediation, ecological repair). This may lead to a deeper insight into the mechanisms of aquatic ecosystems and to better understanding of hazards of the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere (Yablokov, Ostroumov [1983], [1985], [1991]; Ostroumov [1986]; [Wetzel, 2001]).
REFERENCES
Alimov, A. F., [1981], Functional ecology of bivalves. - Nauka Press, Leningrad. 248 pp.
Alimov A.F. [2000], Elements of aquatic ecosystem function theory. Nauka Press, St.Peterburg.
Inkina, G.A. [1988]. Bacteria as a component of the suspended matter in water ecosystems. - Microbiology (Mikrobiologijja, in Russ.) 57: 140-145.
Izrael, Yu. A. and A. V. Tsyban, [1989]: Anthropogenic ecology of the ocean. - Gidrometizdat., Leningrad, 528 pp.
Konstantinov, A.S., [1979]. Obshchaya gidrobiologiya (General Hydrobiology), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow.
Monakov, A.V.1998: Feeding of freshwater invertebrates.– Institute of Ecological and Evolutionary Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 322 p.
Ostroumov, S.A., [1986], Vvedenie v biokhimicheskuyu ekologiyu (Introduction to Biochemical Ecology), Moscow University Press, Moscow. –176 p.
Ostroumov S.A. [1998], Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 91: 247-258.13.
Ostroumov, S.A., [2000a], Biological effects of surfactants in connection with the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. MAX Press, Moscow. 116 p.
Ostroumov S. A. [2000b], Criteria of Ecological Hazards Due to Anthropogenic Effects on the Biota: Searching for a System. Doklady Biological Sciences, 371: 204–206. (Translated from the Russian edition: Ostroumov, S.A., [2000] Doklady Akademii Nauk, 371 ( 6): 844–846).
Ostroumov S.A. [2000 c] Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale, diversified bioreactor with the function of water self-purification. Doklady Akademii Nauk, 374, (3) : 427–429.
Ostroumov, S.A., [ 2001], Biological effects of surfactants on organisms. MAX Press, Moscow. 334 p.
Ostroumov S.A. [2002a]. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129 p.
Ostroumov S.A. [2002b]. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. Hydrobiologia. 469 (1-3): -203-204 p.
Ostroumov S. A. [2003]. Studying effects of some surfactants and detergents on filter-feeding bivalves. Hydrobiologia. 500: 341-344.
Ostroumov S.A., Dodson S., Hamilton D., Peterson S., and Wetzel R.G. [2003] Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 96: 327-332.
Ostroumov, S.A., Donkin, P., and Staff, F., [1997], Effects of surfactants on mussels Mytilus edulis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Serija Biologiya (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series Biology.) 3 : 30 - 36. (in Russian with English abstract).
Ostroumov, S.A., Kolotilova, N.N., Piskunkova, N.F., Kartasheva N.V., Lyamin M.Ya., and Kraevsky V.M. [1999] Effects of surfactants representing quaternary ammonium compounds on unicellular cyanobacteria, green algae, and rotifers. Vodnye ekosistemy i organizmy (Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms), Dialog –Moscow University Press, Moscow, pp. 45–46.
Skurlatov, Yu. I., [1988]: Fundamentals of the management of quality of water. - Ekologicheskaja Khimija Vodnoi Sredy (Ecological Chemistry of Aquatic Environment). 1: 230-255.
Sushchenya, L. M., [1975]: Quantitative trends in the feeding of crustaceans. - Nauka I Tehnika Press, Minsk, 208 pp. (in Russ.)
Uhlmann, D. [1988]: Hydrobiologie. Ein Grundriß für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler. - G. Fischer, Jena, 3. Ed., 298 pp.
Vernadsky, V.I. [2001]. Biosphere (Biosfera). Publishing House Noosphere, Moscow. 244 p.
Vymazal, J. [1988], The use of periphyton communities for nutrient removal from polluted streams. - Hydrobiologia 166: 225–237.
Wallace, R. L. and P. L. Starkweather, [1985], Clearance rates of sessile rotifers: In vitro determinations. - Hydrobiologia 121: 139-144.
Walz, N. 1995: Rotifer populations in plankton communities: Energetics and life history strategies. - Experientia 51: 437-453.
Waterbury J., Ostroumov S.A. [1994], Deistvie neionogennogo poverhnostno-aktivnogo veshchestva na tzianobakterii (Effects of a non-ionic surfactant on marine cyanobacteria). Mikrobiologiya (Microbiology), 63: 259-263.
Wetzel R. [2001], Limnology. Academic Press, San-Diego et al.
Wotton, R. S., B. Malmqvist, T. Muotka, and K. Larsson, [1998], Fecal pellets from a dense aggregation of suspension-feeders in a stream: An example of ecosystem engineering. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 43: 719-725.
Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1983], Okhrana prirody: problemy i perspektivy (Protection of Nature: Problems and Prospects), Lespromizdat Press, Moscow.
Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1985], Urovni okhrany zhivoi prirody (Levels of the Protection of Living Nature), Nauka Press, Moscow.
Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1991]. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends and Prospects. Springer Press, Berlin.
LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1. Contribution of aquatic organisms to some processes important for water self-purification in ecosystem (some examples; a simplified model).
Table 2. Effect of Triton X-100 (TX) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA) on biological organisms.
Table 3. Inhibition of some functions of molluscs important for water self-purification under exposure to sublethal concentrations of contaminants (new data). Note: SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate; TX100, Triton X-100; TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide;
ADDENDUM (written in 2010):
After preparing this paper for publication, a number of other articles and some books were published, which supported the main conclusions of this paper. Among those more recent publications were the following:
Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9 [new facts and concepts on assessment of hazards from chemicals, new look on the factors important to water quality, to sustainability; new priorities in environmental safety]; and other publications.
Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50. |
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Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification
(публикация автора на scipeople)
 
Ostroumov S.A.
- Hydrobiologia , 2002
Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. // Hydrobiologia. 2002 (Feb). v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646....
Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. // Hydrobiologia. 2002 (Feb). v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646. http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf;
Keywords: self-purification, filter-feeders, surfactants, detergents, benthic bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication, algal blooms, hazards of chemical pollution, water quality, phytoplankton, marine and freshwater invertebrates, clearance rate, biological effects of xenobiotics, pollutants
ABSTRACT (A SHORT VERSION):
Top-down control is an important type of interspecies interactions in food webs. It is especially important for aquatic ecosystems. Phytoplankton grazers contribute to the top-down control of phytoplankton populations. The paper is focused on the role of benthic filter feeders in the control of plankton populations as a result of water filtering and the removal of cells of plankton from the water column. New data on the inhibitory effects of surfactants and detergents on benthic filter-feeders (Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, Mytilus galloprovincialis, M. edulis, and Crassostrea gigas) are presented and discussed. Importance and efficiency of that approach to the problems of eutrophication and water self-purification is pointed out. Chemical pollution may pose a threat to the natural top-down control of phytoplankton and water self-purification process. The latter is considered an important prerequisite for sustainable use of aquatic resources.
ABBREVIATIONS: CR - clearance rate; LAS - linear alkylbenzene sulphonate; NOEC - No observable effect consentration; QSAR – quantitative structure - activity relationship; SFG - Scope for Growth; SDS – sodium dodecyl sulphate; TDTMA - tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; TX100 - Triton X-100
ADDENDUM TO THE ABSTRACT (EXTENDED VERSION):
1. INTRODUCTION
By definition, the organisms of the two adjacent trophic levels interact with each other so that the organisms of the higher trophic level may produce some effect on the organisms of the lower trophic level. If the latter are not too abundant, the effects of the organisms of the higher level lead to limiting, decreasing or stabilizing the populations of the organisms of the lower trophic level. These effects might be considered a control or a partial control of the organisms of the lower trophic level. Many examples of interactions of that type were studied in various natural and experimental systems (Table 1). The significance of top-down control attributes additional importance to studies of the grazing activity of crustaceans (e.g., Sushchenya, 1975; Gutelmaher, 1986), rotifers (e.g., Monakov, 1998; Bul’on et al., 1999), protozoan plankton (e.g., Bul’on et al., 1999), and benthic invertebrates (e.g., Alimov, 1981; Donkin et al., 1989, 1991; Zaika, 1992; Ogilvie & Mitchell, 1995; Widdows et al., 1995a, Widdows et al., 1995b; Newell, 1999), and other invertebrates (Monakov, 1998).
In aquatic ecosystems, the problem of the control of the organisms of the lower trophic level (algae) is of outstanding importance because it is relevant to the problem of eutrophication. Also, control mechanisms are important in better understanding the problem of algal blooms, including the toxic algae blooms. To avoid over-simplification, we should realize that there are many factors that regulate the abundance of algal populations; top-down control is only one of them.
Many species of invertebrates of both plankton and benthos belong to the higher trophic level as compared with algae and cyanobacteria of phytoplankton. As for zooplankton species and their filter-feeding activity, an important body of information was presented and analyzed in (Sushchenya, 1975; Gutelmaher, 1986). Filtering activity of benthic species has also been studied (e.g., Alimov, 1981; Ostroumov et al., 1997, 1998).
In this paper we focus on some species of invertebrates of benthos, which are filter-feeders and in this capacity contribute to the top-down control of phytoplankton.
2. ROLE OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN FILTERING WATER AND RESULTING PHYTOPLANKTON GRAZING: FILTER-FEEDERS
The diversity of benthic organisms that filter water and remove algal cell and other particulate matter is broad. Filter-feeders inhabit the bottom of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. To facilitate broader general conclusions, in this paper we will consider both freshwater and marine organisms. The range of filter-feeders includes sponges, polychaetes, molluscs, echinoderms, larvae of many insects, ascidians, and some other invertebrates.
There are many examples of massive scale water filtering by benthos (e.g., Table 2; see also: Alimov, 1981; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999). It was shown that in some man-made reservoirs the total volume of water is filtered by benthic bivalves 2-24 times annually (e.g., Konstantinov, 1979). In a shallow lake in New Zealand the total volume is filtered during a time period of less than 2 days (Ogilvie & Mitchell, 1995). Equally massive filtering activity was discovered for the benthic sponges in the coastal waters of Lake Baikal which stores 22, 995 km3 of superb clean water (for comparison, the amount of the annual world consumption of freshwater was 3, 240 km3, and the annual freshwater withdrawal in Europe was 359 km3, in North and Central America 697 km3; the data for year 1987) (World Resources 1995-1995).
As a result of water filtering, algal cells are removed from the water column. It is important that some filter-feeders (e.g., bivalves) remove more algae than they need for feeding purposes. Excessive amounts of algae biomass and other particulate matter are excreted in the form of pellets (to distinguish them from regular faeces they are called pseudofaeces) which are larger in size than the algal cells and therefore they settle to the bottom rapidly. The amount of pseudofaeces may exceed the amount of the assimilated food manyfold. As a result, the total activity of bivalve molluscs in removing algal biomass from the water column and in making water clearer is far beyond just the trophic needs of bivalves.
The total weight of organic matter that is removed from a water column and deposited as bottom sediments is measured as high as kilograms per m2 per year. E.g., in the ecosystem of the man-made reservoir Volgogradskoe, the amount of the formerly suspended matter that was removed by molluscs from the water column and finally sedimented was 8.3 kg m-2 annually (Kondratiev, 1976; cited in Konstantinov, 1979). For the entire reservoir that is located in the center of the largest European river, the amount of sedimented matter was as high as 29 million tons.
3. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF XENOBIOTICS AND POLLUTANTS: A DECREASE IN WATER FILTRATION AND ASSOCIATED PHYTOPLANKTON GRAZING
Man-made chemicals can produce strong inhibition of water filtering by benthic molluscs or impair the normal pattern of opening bivalves which is needed to maintain the efficient filtration of water. Some examples of those effects are given in Table 3. More examples could be found in literature (e.g., Stuijfzand, 1995; Ostroumov, 1998). The experiments were usually conducted using some phytoplankton species as the organism that is being removed from the water column during the filtration experiment. Thus, in experiments with bivalve Mytilus edulis, the algae Isochrysis galbana are often used (Donkin et al., 1997; Ostroumov et al., 1997; 1998). In our experiments with M. galloprovincialis (see below) we have observed a xenobiotic-induced decrease in grazing phytoplankton cells of Monochrysis lutheri and Dunaliella viridis. In our experiments with freshwater bivalves Unio tumidus and U. pictorum, we described some pollutant-induced inhibition of the removal of green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and cyanobacteria Synechocystis.
The major part of our experiments were done in the laboratory. Under field conditions, it was described that in polluted habitats the biomass and vitality of bivalves declined (Zaika, 1992), which means that their contribution to water filtering is negatively affected. It was possible to develop an integrative parameter, Scope for Growth (SFG) which enables the scientist to estimate the total amount of energy available for the population of mussels for its growth and reproduction (after deduction of the amount of energy is lost during respiration etc.) (Widdows et al., 1995a, 1995b). It was shown that in terms of the entire populations, in polluted habitats the reduced filtration and reduced intake of energy from digested plankton (and seston as a whole) led to the fact that SFG was reduced.
4. MORE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES AND NEW DATA: INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS
We have initiated a systematic study of the effects of another class of aquatic pollutants, namely surfactants, on the water-filtering activity of bivalves and on the resulting removal of algal cells from the water column.
Among the various organic chemicals that are entering the natural environment in large amounts (Yablokov & Ostroumov, 1983, 1985, 1991), surfactants play a significant role (Ostroumov, 1986; 1990; 1991; 1994 a; 1994b; Marcomini et al., 1988; Quiroga et al., 1989; Granmo et al, 1991; Fernandez et al., 199; Lewis, 1991; Takada & Ishiwatari, 1991; Chalaux et al., 1992; Terzic & Ahel, 1993). It was shown that surfactants produce negative and sometimes also stimulatory effects on cyanobacteria (Waterbury & Ostroumov, 1994), green algae (e.g., Goryunova & Ostroumov, 1986), diatoms (Ostroumov & Maertz-Wente, 1991), plant seedlings (Ostroumov, 1986; 1990; 1991; Nagel et al., 1987; Maximov et al., 1988; Telitchenko & Ostroumov, 1990), shrimp (Drewa et al., 1988), Daphnia magna and D. pulex (e.g., Maki & Bishop, 1979; Martinez et al., 1989), freshwater amphipods (Pantani et al., 1995), rotifers (Kartasheva & Ostroumov, 1998), fish (e.g., Versteeg & Shorter, 1992; Malcolm et al., 1995). Some data on the effects of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk (Bressan et al., 1989; Marin et al., 1993), Mytilus edulis (Granmo, 1972) and some other marine benthic species (Marin et al., 1991) are available. However, almost nothing was known about the effects of alkylsulfates, nonionic surfactants (derivatives of nonylphenols), and some other surfactants as well as detergents on the filtering activity of Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, Unio tumidus, and U. pictorum.
The purpose of the experimental part of this work was to obtain data on the effects of some surfactants and surfactant-containing products including detergents, on the ability of bivalves (M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, and U. pictorum) to filter water and remove algal or other cells from it.
Freshwater mussels Unio sp. were collected in the Moscow River. Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected at the Black Sea. Crassostrea gigas were grown at a mariculture farm (the Black Sea, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas NANU). M. edulis were collected at the Exmouth estuary and kept in tanks with aeration , water flow and periodic automatic imitation of low tide (water was removed out of tanks for 3 h every day) (Dr. Donkin’s participation and help in the work with M. edulis is acknowledged).
The temperature in experiments with M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas was mostly 22-27 C, in the experiments with Unio sp. 18-20 C. The cell removal and the cell density during the filtration by molluscs was measured using Hitachi 200-20 spectrophotometer (experiments with Unio sp.) and SF-26 (LOMO) spectrophotometer (experiments with M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas). In experiments with M. edulis (temperature 16 C), the number of cells per unit of volume was measured using the Coulter counter ( Coulter Electronics, model Industrial D). When a sample of filtered water without adding algae was used, the Coulter count was usually below 200.
The clearance rate (CR) was calculated according to Widdows & Salkeld (1993) using the following equation:
CR (l h-1) = (Volume of water e.g. 2 l) x (loge C1 -- logeC2)/time interval in h
where C1 and C2 are cell concentrations at the beginning and end of each time increment (e.g. 0.5 h).
Statistical analysis was performed using EXCEL software. For linear regression analysis, an option was used which gives an opportunity to fix the intercept at a predetermined value.
Several chemicals were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (molecular mass 288.38) was purchased from Fluka. The purity was > 99% (assayed by GC, analysis number 332533/1 395). Triton X-100 (TX100) (x = 9-10 ethoxy units, H2O < 1 %, residue on ignition, 0.2%, analysis number 43306/1 795) was purchased also from Fluka. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA, molecular mass 336.4) was purchased from Sigma (St.Louis, Missouri, 63178 USA; lot 55H1322). Detergents used were available commercially.
Results of the experimentation were as following.
Freshwater bivalves, Unio tumidus and U. pictorum removed planktonic cells from water. The ability to do so was inhibited by surfactants of several types (Table 4), including TDTMA, and TX100 .
A marine species, M. galloprovincialis, was also efficient in removing from water cells of phytoplankton and unicellular organisms in general. Several surfactants as well as detergents which contain surfactants inhibited this ability of M. galloprovincialis (Table 4). The chemicals tested included surfactants TDTMA, SDS, and several detergents, such as Tide-Lemon, Lotos-Extra, Losk-Universal.
In experiments with M. edulis, after one hour of filtering, in the control set (clean water) the number of algal cells per unit of volume decreased to almost 5.6% of the initial level, which is a good example of how efficiently bivalves can control planktonic populations (Table 5). This is in accord with the large amount of data on the significant filtration rates of bivalves (Alimov, 1981; Monakov, 1998) and their impact on ecosystems (Zaika, 1992). In the important series of measurements, in the control beakers (filtration of unpolluted water) the number of algal cells decreased by a factor of 15.98, while in the beakers with SDS (1 mg l–1) the number of cells decreased by a factor of 7.93. Thus, the algal cell density in control was half that in the system at the initial concentration of 1 mg l–1. The difference increased by the end of the experiment.
When the initial concentration of SDS was 2 mg l–1, a substantial difference from the control set was observed after the first half-hour period (Table 6). After 65 min of filtering, the algal cell density in the control set was almost 1/3 that contained in the system with SDS.
Further increase of the initial concentration of SDS up to 4 mg l–1 caused a dramatic 3-times increase of the cell density over that in the control set after only 35 min of filtering. In 65-min of filtering, the difference was 6-fold, and following 95-min filtering - over 14-fold.
At the initial concentration of SDS 5 mg l–1, the difference between systems with and without SDS was over 16-fold after 125 min of filtering.
It was possible to calculate the clearance rate (CR), using a standard formula widely accepted in the literature ( Donkin et al. 1989; 1991; Widdows & Salkeld, 1993).
The summary of the inhibitory effects shows, with a few exceptions, two general trends:
1) an increase in the initial concentration of SDS in the range of 0.5 to 5 mg l–1 gave rise to an the increase in the inhibitory effect on CR (Table 7);
2) at any given concentration of SDS, the highest effect took place during the first 30-min period, with some decrease in the inhibitory effect by the end of the experiment.
The latter trend, however, was not paralleled by a mitigation of the effect on the residual algal cell density in the water. When the cell density was considered, the difference from the control was maximal by the end of the experiment.
Using another chemical, a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, we obtained similar data with EC50 close to that of SDS (Table 8). At a concentration of 4 mg l–1, the inhibition of the clearance rate during the time period of 30 min after the beginning of the experiment was almost 10-fold, and during the later period of time, the inhibition was about 5-fold.
The data obtained in our study showed that the filtering activity of mussels demonstrated a more sensitive response than some other biotests we had used in our experiments in bioassaying SDS, including green algae (Goryunova & Ostroumov, 1986) and plant seedlings (Nagel et al., 1987). The filtering activity of mussels was also more sensitive to SDS than some of the traditional lethal biotests with aquatic invertebrates and fish which had been applied for studies of LAS and alkyl sulfates (Sivak et al., 1982; Ostroumov, 1991).
It is noteworthy that the inhibitory effect of SDS on CR was developed within a rather narrow range of SDS concentrations (1 to 5 mg l–1). That could be in accord with a hypothesis that the decrease in CR is at least in part the result of a behavioural response of mussels.
Our data on effects of SDS are in good agreement with the results obtained by other authors who studied effects of another anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on filtering rate. It was shown that in experiments with exposure for 48 h and 96 h the filtration rate of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis was reduced when concentration of dissolved LAS was higher than 1.5 mg l–1 (Bressan et al., 1989). In our experiments the biotest was slightly more sensitive as we exposed the animals to the surfactant for 1.5 h prior to beginning measurements and observed some inhibition at the initial concentration of 1 mg l–1.
Bressan et al. (1989) studied also effects of LAS on the growth of mussels and on mortality and spermatozoids of freshwater bivalve molluscs. They observed some decrease in the increment of length of the major axis of the shell of mussels at concentrations of LAS as low as 0.25 and 0.5 mg l–1, but the effect required up to 70 days to be observed. No significant effects were found within 30 days of their experiments. The length of time that was necessary to reveal the effect was a limitation of the technique, however it was impressive to observe almost a 2-fold decrease in growth when the chronic experiment with a relatively low level of LAS (0.25 mg l–1 ) lasted for 160 days and more.
In a parallel experiment the same authors observed a 30% increase in the respiration of LAS-treated (220 days, 0.25 mg l–1 ) young mussels (Bressan et al., 1989). Unfortunately, they did not specify what they called young mussels.
Some decrease in filtering rate was observed in another set of experiments when the concentration of LAS was 0.25 mg l–1 , but the duration of the surfactant treatment was much longer (220 days) than in our experiment, and the size of mussels was again not specified (Bressan et al., 1989). Also, they have shown that, at a concentration of 1 mg l–1, LAS inhibited the filtration rate after 7 days of exposure. It seems important that in our experiments we observed effects after only 1.5 hours of exposure to the anionic surfactant.
The LC50 (48 h) was about 40 mg l–1 and LC50 (96 h) was about 1.7 mg l–1 (Bressan et al., 1989), which was much lower than in the case of freshwater bivalves Anodonta cygnea and Unio elongatulus. For the latter two species, LC50 (96 h) was about 200 mg l–1 (Bressan et al, 1989). The mobility of spermatozoa of A. cygnea was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of LAS equal to 20 mg l–1.
Measurements of CR were used to quantify the toxic effects of chemicals and to study QSAR (Donkin & Widdows, 1990) for various chemicals, including alkanes and phenyl alkanes (Donkin et al., 1991) as well as such aromatics as toluene, naphthalene, n-propylbenzene, 1-chloronaphthalene, biphenyl etc. (Donkin et al., 1989). Two xenobiotics, including an organotin compound, inhibited the fitration rate by Dressena polymorpha and Crenomytilus grayanus (Mitin, 1984).
The filtering activity of not only bivalves, but also of other filter-feeders is vulnerable to the inhibition by surfactants. In experiments with rotifers Brachionus angularis Gosse, we have shown that TDTMA inhibited their filtration rate and the removal of cells of Chlorella sp. from the water (Kartasheva & Ostroumov, 1998). At a TDTMA concentration of 0.5 mg l–1, the average efficiency of filtration was 58.5% of that in control.
However important these kinds of studies of CR are, it is also important to consider the general consequences of a decrease in the CR for the ecosystem.
The role of the filtering activity of mussels is connected with their high population densities. It was estimated that at Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, mussels represented about 77% (11 kg m -2) of the total community dry weight (Nixon et al., 1971), and numbers of the same order of magnitude were reported for other locations (Seed & Suchanek, 1992). Taking into account that, in our experiments, one mussel with a total wet weight about 8.5 g filtered over 1 L of water per hour, it is easy to estimate that, at high abundancy, a mussel community may filter over 100 L water per hour per 1 m2 of the sea bottom.
A comparison of the tables for residual cell densities and CR for specific concentrations of surfactants shows that even a small decrease in CR produces a large difference in the residual cell density. The latter parameter may be considered as a model for any kind of particles which are being removed from the seawater by mussel filtering. In this way we may predict a huge decline in the natural ability of benthic communities to purify natural water when the water is polluted by surfactants as well as by other chemicals reducing the CR.
Changes (inhibition) of the filtering activity of bivalves might have many consequences in changing many parameters and processes in ecosystems, which were considered in more detail in (Ostroumov et al., 1997; 1998; Ostroumov, 1998).
Those considerations show that the inhibition of CR has consequences not limited by the prosperity of the mussel population, but that it is important for the state of the marine and estuarine ecosystems in much broader terms. Prospects of chemical-induced inhibition of water filtration by bivalves poses some ecological hazards in view of the role of bivalves in eutrophication control. The latter was studied in the case of the ecosystem of Chesapeake Bay (the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.) (Newell et al., 1999).
5. SENSITIVITY OF PLANKTON GRAZERS TO XENOBIOTICS - ANALOGOUS EVIDENCE FOR ZOOPLANKTON
Analysis of the specific LC50 for Cladocera and various species of algae shows that in case of many pollutants Cladocera are more sensitive than algae. According to the data disseminated at the recent workshop in Netherlands (9-12 December 1999, Den Helder, TNO; participants of the research project: M. Scholten, R. Jak, B. Clement, E. Foekema, P.Hernandez, K.Kaag, H. van Dokkum, M. Smit), in the case of the following pesticides, species of Cladocera (mainly Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia) are more sensitive: anilazin, benomyl, bentazon, cyfluthrin, dimethoat, lindan, maneb, zineb, and ziram. In case of several pesticides, it was directly shown that the inhibitory effects on feeding were observed at lower concentrations, than the concentrations which induced mortality. EC50 (effects on feeding within 4-24 h) were lower than LC50 (24-48 h) for endosulfan, diazinon, methyl parathion, lindan, and dichlobenil (according to the data distributed at the same workshop). In case of atrazine, a concentration of 1.6 mg l–1 within 10 min produced 50% reduction in feeding, which shows again that feeding activity is inhibited at concentrations lower than those inducing mortality: LC50 (48 h) was 9.88 mg l–1.
Also, NOEC (No observable effect concentration) was the basis for comparing sensitivities of Cladocera and various species of algae to pesticides. In case of the following chemicals a higher sensitivity of Cladocera was found: azinfos-methyl, cyromazin, diazinon, dimethoat, endosulfan, fenpropathrin, malathion, mecoprop, propoxur, trifluralin, and some other pesticides.
All these data as well as the new evidence in the experiments conducted at TNO during the project led by Dr. M. Scholten (see Table 1) are in accord with the concept that pollutants may impair top-down control of algae. This conclusion is analogous to the conclusion made by us on the basis of our data for benthic filter-feeders.
6. SYNOPTIC OVERVIEW AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Some benthic organisms, including spongi, polychets, bivalves, echinoderms, larvae of insects, ascidia and some others proved to be efficient organisms in filtering water and thereby in reducing the amount of particulate matter suspended in the water. Benthic filter-feeders remove from the surrounding water various suspended particles including algal cells. By doing so, they contribute to natural mechanisms that keep algal populations under some control. That type of top-down control under some circumstances might become especially important. The problem of algal blooms in the context of eutrophication is increasing attention to all mechanisms of control of algal populations including the control by virtue of water filtering by benthic filter-feeders, including bivalves. Some pollutants were shown to be efficient inhibitors that decrease water filtering and resulting grazing phytoplankton. Those chemicals produced a decrease in removal of algae from water column by bivalves.
The author initiated systematic studies of effects of surfactants and detergents on filtering activity and removal of algae by freshwater and marine bivalves. Marine and freeshwater bivalves Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and Unio sp. are efficient in removing unicellular organisms from water in result of their filtration activity. They are capable of drastically reducing the amount of cells of phytoplankton in water. This is an important mechanism contributing to natural control of algal populations in ecosystems. This regulatory mechanism is vulnerable to aquatic pollutants as exemplified by surfactants and detergents. New data are obtained and presented in this paper on how surfactants (anionic, non-ionic, and cationic ones) and surfactant-containing detergents inhibit the ability of marine and freshwater bivalves to remove cells of algae and cyanobacteria from water. On the basis of our new data, the final conclusion is that the new evidence support the views proposed in (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999; 2000c; 2000e) about the vulnerability of the filtration activity of invertebrates (both planktonic and benthic animals) to some pollutants, including surfactants. Our data and general conclusion are in accord with the idea that pollutants can induce reduction in grazing efficiency of benthic and planktonic invertebrates.
We consider the studies of inhibitory effects of chemicals on fiter-feeders as an effective approach to elucidating the details of filter-feeding and associated removal of phytoplankton from the water column. The mechanisms and rates of plankton removal are of utmost importance for controlling levels of plankton which are the key parameters in processes of eutrophication and algal blooms.
Water filtering activity of invertebrates is part of water self-purification in ecosystems. The self-purification of water is one of preconditions for the sustainable use of water resources. Therefore, the vulnerability of filter-feeders to aquatic pollutants (including surfactants and detergents) leads to a potential threat to the sustainable use of aquatic resources in situations when the ability of ecosystems to purify water is inhibited by pollutants.
In sum, on the basis of the data presented here and in some of our publications (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999; 2000a; Ostroumov et al., 1997, 1998; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999), the following inferences are to be made:
1. Surfactants inhibit the filtering ability of marine and freshwater bivalves with a drastic effect on the amount of particulate material (modelled here by algal cells) left in the water.
2. When considering the environmental importance of surfactants and detergents (and of a broader range of xenobiotics and pollutants as well), the ramifications relevant to disturbance of the natural ability of the ecosystem to control phytoplankton populations should be taken into account.
3. Our new data are in accordance with the opinion (Ostroumov, 1990; 1991; 2000b; 2000c; 2000d; Telitchenko & Ostroumov, 1990; Yablokov & Ostroumov, 1991) that surfactants, if being discharged into the environment at substancial rates, might, under some circumstances and in some ecosystems, become more significant as environmental pollutants than it was thought before.
4. We make the prediction that many new examples are to be found of pollutants (both organic and inorganic) which inhibit filtration rate of filter-feeders (not only bivalves, but also other benthic and plankton organisms) and by doing so reduce the ability of invertebrates to control unicellular plankton populations. We predict that new examples are to be found of pollutants which inhibit the ability of invertebrates to control eutrophication.
5. Sustainable use of resources of aquatic ecosystems requires as an important pre-condition the efficient functioning of the ecosystems towards self-regulating and water self-purification. This pre-requisite includes normal functioning of top-down control excercised by the organisms at the higher levels of the trophic chains of ecosystems.
6. Studies of inhibitory effects of chemicals on the top-level organisms (e.g., grazers of plankton, including benthic filter-feeders) are a useful approach in obtaining information on the top-down control in trophic chains.
LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1. Top-down control in various natural and experimental systems (examples).
Table 2. Water-filtering activity of benthic organisms in some ecosystems (examples).
Table 3. Xenobiotics and contaminants that were shown to inhibit water-filtering activity of bivalves.
Table 4. New data on the inhibitory effect of surfactants and products that contain surfactants on the filtration efficiency of bivalve molluscs.
Table 5. Decrease in Isochrysis galbana cell density (per 0.5 ml) during filtering by Mytilus edulis in clean water (control beakers, A) and at 1 mg l–1 SDS (experimental beakers, B).
Table 6. Effect of SDS (2 mg l–1) on the efficiency of water filtering measured as the number of cells of Isochrysis galbana (per 0.5 mL) in the water after the 30-min period of filtering by Mytilus edulis.
Table 7. Inhibition (%) of the clearance rate (CR) of Isochrysis galbana during filtering by Mytilus edulis at various concentrations of SDS (after Ostroumov et al., 1998, with some changes).
Table 8. Effect of Triton X-100 on the clearance rate during filtering algae Isochrysis galbana by mussels Mytilus edulis (after Ostroumov et al., 1998, with some changes).
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The paper was cited and suported (examples):
The paper [Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal …S.A. Ostroumov - Hydrobiologia, 2002] was cited by:
Water Quality of Effluent-dominated Ecosystems: Ecotoxicological, Hydrological, and Management Considerations. - Hydrobiologia
[Springer Netherlands];
ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online);
Volume 556, Number 1, 2006 (February).
DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7;
p. 365-379;
Bryan W. Brooks 1 , Timothy M. Riley 2 and Ritchie D. Taylor 3
(1) Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA;
(2) Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, 1124 Regal Row, Austin, Texas 78748, USA;
(3) Department of Public Health, Centre for Water Resource Studies, Western Kentucky University, 1 Big Red Way, EST 437, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA;
- - - --------------------
Medit. Mar. Sci., 8/2, 2007, 19-32;
Mediterranean Marine Science;
Volume 8/2, 2007, 19-32;
Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece
Y. CHATZINIKOLAOU 1, 2 and M. LAZARIDOU 1
1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece;
2Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research,
46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Hellas;
- - - - -
Impact of Dam Construction on Water Quality and Water Self-Purification Capacity of the Lancang River, China. - Water Resources Management
[Springer Netherlands],
ISSN 0920-4741 (Print) 1573-1650 (Online),
Volume 23, Number 9, 2009 (July).
DOI 10.1007/s11269-008-9351-8;
pp. 1763-1780;
GuoLiang Wei 1, 2, ZhiFeng Yang 1, BaoShan Cui 1 Contact Information, Bing Li 2, He Chen 1, JunHong Bai 1 and ShiKui Dong 1
(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
(2) Nuclear and Radiation Safety Centre, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China
- - - ----------------------------------------
Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model
Authors: N. R. Samal a; A. Mazumdar b; K. D. Joumlhnk c;nF. Peeters d
Affiliations: a Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India;
b School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India;
c Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
d Limnologisches Institut, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany;
DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589;
Published in: journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2009, pages 215 – 225
- - - - -------
Lake and Reservoir Management
Bhatti, Zafar
Water Environment Research [Water Environ. Res.]. Vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 2106-2154. Oct 2004.
- - -------------------------------------
the examples were added on April 11, 2010.
Hydrobiologia. 2002. v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646. |
|
5. |
Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204.
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S.A.
- Hydrobiologia , 2002
Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1;...
Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1;
http://www.springerlink.com/content/hcrfvmdncdm8e3pf/
Key words: water quality, water purification, self-purification, biodiversity, pollutants, ecosystem services, freshwater, marine, aquatic ecosystems, sustainability, xenobiotics, sustainable use of aquatic resources, aquatic biota, functioning of ecosystems, environmental safety
Sustainable use of aquatic resources is based on the ability of aquatic ecosystems to maintain a certain level of water quality. Water self-purification in both freshwater and marine ecosystems is based on a number of interconnected processes (e.g., Wetzel, 1983; Spellman, 1996; Ostroumov 1998, 2000). Among them are:
(1) physical and physico-chemical processes, including: (1.1) solution and dilution of pollutants; (1.2) export of pollutants to the adjacent land areas; (1.3) export of pollutants to the adjacent water bodies; (1.4) sorption of pollutants onto suspended particles and further sedimentation of the latter; (1.5) sorption of pollutants by sediments; (1.6) evaporation of pollutants;
(2) chemical processes, including: (2.1) hydrolysis of pollutants; (2.2) photochemical transformations; (2.3) redox-catalytic transformations; (2.4) transformations including free radicals; (2.5) binding of pollutants by dissolved organic matter, which may lead to decreasing toxicity; (2.6) chemical oxidation of pollutants by oxygen;
(3) biological processes, including: (3.1) sorption, uptake and accumulation of pollutants by organisms; (3.2) biotransformations (redox reactions, degradation, conjugation), mineralization of organic matter; (3.3) transformation of pollutants by extracellular enzymes; (3.4) removal of suspended matter and pollutants from the water column in the process of water filtering by filter-feeders; (3.5) removal of pollutants from the water in the process of sorption by pellets excreted by aquatic organisms; (3.6) uptake of nutrients (including P, N, and organic molecules) by organisms; (3.7) biotransformation and sorption of pollutants in soil (and removal of nutrients), important when polluted waters are in contact with terrestrial ecosystems; (3.8) a network of regulatory processes when certain organisms control or influence other organisms involved in water purification.
Living organisms are involved in physical, physico-chemical and chemical processes 1.1-1.6 and 2.1-2.6 directly or through excretion of oxygen or organic metabolites, production of suspended matter, affecting turbidity, temperature of water or other parameters of the ecosystem. As a result, living organisms are the core component of the multitude of processes of the ecological machinery working towards improving water quality. This component performs eight vital functions directly (3.1-3.8) and is involved indirectly in some of the other twelve functions (1.1-1.6 and 2.1-2.6) so that its role is clearly polyfunctional.
Living organisms of aquatic bodies (both autotrophs and heterotrophs) are enormously diverse in terms of taxonomy. Among them, autotrophs generate oxygen that is involved in the processes 2.6 and 2.4 above. Heterotrophs perform processes 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5 and some others. Virtually all biodiversity is involved.
Given this polyfunctional role of aquatic organisms, in one of our publications we compared aquatic ecosystems to 'large-scale diversified bioreactors with a function of water purification' (Ostroumov, 2000).
What is interesting about the biomachinery of water purification is the fact that it is an energy-saving device. It is using the energy of the sun (autotrophs) and the energy of organic matter which is being oxidized in the process of being removed from water by heterotrophs.
Some interesting examples of how various organisms are incorporated in that polyfunctional activity were given by authors of the preceding papers in this volume.
The importance of aquatic organisms in performing key functions in the hydrosphere provides an additional convincing rationale for protecting biodiversity.
The efficiency of the entire complex of those processes leading to water purification in ecosystems is a prerequisite for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Man-made effects on any of those processes (we have shown effects of surfactants on water filtration by bivalves; some of the experiments were carried out together with Dr. P. Donkin) may impair the efficiency of water self-purification (Ostroumov, 1998; Ostroumov et al., 1998; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999; Ostroumov 2001a, 2001b).
We postulate and predict that further studies will provide new striking examples of how important biodiversity is in performing many vital ecological processes leading to upgrading water quality. By doing so, the multifunctional participation of biodiversity supports the sustainable use of water as one of key resources for mankind.
The body of new data and ideas presented in this volume will hopefully serve towards following interconnected and partially overlapping goals:
prioritization of efforts on research and management in the area of aquatic resources and aquatic environment;
biodiversity studies and protection;
sustainable use of aquatic bioresources;
advancement of aquaculture and mariculture;
decreasing costs and increasing efficiencies in wastewater treatment using ecosystems;
combatting eutrophication;
understanding the role of biota in biogeochemical flows of chemical elements and in buffering global change.
The statements and conclusions that were made in this paper were supported in a series of other publications of the author, including the book (Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and a string of articles. Among them: On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. (https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b), Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152 (DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177) and others.
The paper was cited by a number of international experts, e. g. in the following papers: Hydrobiologia, 2006, 556: 365-379, DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7; Journal of Applied Phycology, 2005, 17: 557-567, DOI 10.1007/s10811-005-9006-6; Mediterranean Marine Science, 2007, Volume 8 (2), 19-32; Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 2009, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 215-225, DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Desalination, 2010, Vol. 250, Issue 1, Pages 118-129, DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.062.
References:
Ostroumov, S.A., 1998. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 91: 247-258.
Ostroumov, S.A., 2000. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale, diversified bioreactor with the function of water self-purification (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 374: 427-429). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11103331; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/
Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton (Amfifil'noe veshchestvo podavljaet sposobnost' molluskov filtrovat' vodu i udalat' iz nee kletki fitoplanktona). Izvestia RAN. Ser. Biology. 1: 108-116. Translated into English: An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, p. 95-102. DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000. PMID: 11236572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].
Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Effects of amphiphilic chemicals on marine organisms filter-feeders (Vozdeistvie amfifil'nykh veshchestv na morskikh gidrobiontov-filtratorov). Dokl. Akad. Nauk . Vol. 378. No. 2: 283-285. Translated into English: Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2001. 378: 248-250. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/; DOI 10.1023/A:1019270825775.
Ostroumov, S.A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1998. Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusc (Narushenije filtratzii dvustvorchatymi molluskami pod vozdejstvijem poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv dvukh klassov). Dokl. Akad. Nauk 362: 574-576. Translated into English: Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusk Mytilus edulis // Doklady Biological Sciences, 1998. Vol. 362, P. 454-456.
Ostroumov, S.A. & V.D. Fedorov, 1999. The main components of self-purification of ecosystems and its possible impairment as a result of chemical pollution (Osnovnyje komponenty samoochishchenija ekosistem i vozmozhnost' ego narushenija v rezultate khimicheskogo zagrjaznenija). Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 16. Biology (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Ser. 16. Biologija) 1: 24-32.
Spellman, F.R., 1996. Stream Ecology and Self-purification. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Basel. 133 pp.
Wetzel, R. G., 1983. Limnology. Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth. 858 pp.
ADDENDUM
(added when the paper was put at the web site).
The main conclusions of the paper were supported in a series of publications. The following publications are among them.
1. Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9.
2. Ostroumov S. A. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286–289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/;
3. Ostroumov S. A., Kolesnikov M. P. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000, 373: 397–399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 373, No. 2, pp. 278–280. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/
4. Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/
5. Ostroumov SA. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371:204-206. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/
6. Ostroumov S. A. An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Volume 28, Number 1, p. 95-102.
ISSN 1062-3590 (Print) 1608-3059 (Online); DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000; http://www.springerlink.com/content/l665628020163255/;
7. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. -Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Vol. 377, pp. 139–141. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 375, No. 6, pp. 847–849. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/;
8. Ostroumov SA. The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 381:559-562. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf
9. Ostroumov SA. The hazard of a two-level synergism of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380:499-501. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/
10. Ostroumov SA. Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 492-495. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/
11. Ostroumov SA, Kolesnikov MP. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:378-381. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/
12. Ostroumov SA. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:341-343. http://sites.google.com/site/1dbs379p341imbalance/;
13. Ostroumov SA. Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms.- Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 378:248-250. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/
14. Ostroumov SA. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 382:18-21; http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/ATP/article/6113559/ostroumov_02_biodiversity.pdf;
15. Ostroumov SA. A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagial-benthal coupling. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:127-130. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; www.springerlink.com/index/28V23JBFADL1Y100.pdf;
16. Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a New Type of Ecological Hazard of Chemicals: Inhibition of Processes of Ecological Remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 385, 2002 (November), pp. 377–379. [Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 385, No. 4, 2002, pp. 571–573]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8408a7cfaa984764b812ce79c77007f2;
17. Ostroumov SA. System of principles for conservation of the biogeocenotic function and the biodiversity of filter-feeders. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:147-150. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c;
18. Ostroumov S. A., Walz N., Rusche R. Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2003 (May). Vol. 390. 252-255, [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=def6575c794b111fcc31275e853c2b15;
19. Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. - Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. PMID: 12852181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181;
20. Ostroumov S. A. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b;
21. Ostroumov S. A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. // Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No. 1. Pages: 381 – 386. DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/
22. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica, 2007. vol. 15 (50), p.15-23. (ISSN 0354-3285). [http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32850750015O].
23. Ostroumov S.A., Shestakova T.V. Decreasing the measurable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the water of the experimental systems containing Ceratophyllum demersum: The phytoremediation potential // Doklady Biological Sciences 2009, Vol. 428, No. 1, p. 444-447. http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054;
24. Ostroumov S.A. Towards the general theory of ecosystem-depended control of water quality. - Ecologica, 2009, vol. 16, No. 54, p. 25-32. http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/
25. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification.- Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. ISSN 1995-4255 (Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177;
The paper was cited and its conclusions were supported in the publications below:
Цитировали paper [Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia
(Springer Netherlands),ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online), Volume 469, Numbers 1-3 / 2002 (February); p. 203-204; DOI 10.1023/A:1015555022737]
/Cited by:
Water Quality of Effluent-dominated Ecosystems: Ecotoxicological, Hydrological, and Management Considerations. - Hydrobiologia (Springer Netherlands)
ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online);
Volume 556, Number 1, 2006 (February); p. 365-379;
DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7;
Bryan W. Brooks1 , Timothy M. Riley2 and Ritchie D. Taylor3
(1) Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
(2) Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, 1124 Regal Row, Austin, Texas 78748, USA
(3) Department of Public Health, Centre for Water Resource Studies, Western Kentucky University, 1 Big Red Way, EST 437, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA
- - - - ----------------------------
Integrated outdoor culture of two estuarine macroalgae as biofilters for dissolved …
I. Hernandez, M.A. Fernández-Engo, J.L. Pérez- … - Journal of Applied …, 2005 - Springer
Ignacio Hernández ∗ , M. Angeles Fernández-Engo, J. Lucas Pérez-Lloréns & Juan J. Vergara
Area de Ecologıa, Universidad de Cádiz, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, 11510
Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain ∗ Author for correspondence: e-mail: ignacio.hernandez@uca.es
- - - --------------------
Medit. Mar. Sci., 8/2, 2007, 19-32
Mediterranean Marine Science
Volume 8/2, 2007, 19-32
Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece
Y. CHATZINIKOLAOU 1, 2 and M. LAZARIDOU1
1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
2Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research,
46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Hellas
- - - ----------------------------------------
Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model
Authors: N. R. Samal a; A. Mazumdar b; K. D. Joumlhnk c;F. Peeters d
Affiliations: a Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India;
b School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India;
c Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
d Limnologisches Institut, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589;
Published in: Journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Volume 12, Issue 2 April 2009 , pages 215 – 225;
- - - -------
Intra-basin spatial approach on pollution load estimation in a large Mediterranean …
Y. Chatzinikolaou, A. Ioannou, M. Lazaridou - Desalination, 2010;
---------
Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002, 469: 203-204. |
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6. |
Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S. A.
- Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum , 2010
Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050]...
Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050]
http://scipeople.ru/publication/67657/;
http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181;
http://www.tilgher.it/(ekdo002s40etdh55stgyltvf)/index.aspx?lang=eng&tpr=4&act=abs&id=650;
The currently accepted system of criteria for evaluating environmental and ecological hazards of man-made chemicals (pollutants) is vulnerable to criticism. In this paper, a new concept of the system of approaches towards criteria for evaluating the ecological hazard from man-made impact is proposed. It is suggested to assess the man-made impacts (including effects of pollutants and xenobiotics) on the biota according to the following four levels of disturbance in biological and ecological systems: (1) the level of individual responses; (2) the level of aggregated responses of groups of organisms; (3) the level of stability and integrity of the ecosystem; (4) the level of contributions of the ecosystem to biospheric processes. On the basis of the author's experimental studies, an example is given of how to apply the proposed approach and the system of criteria to the analysis of concrete experimental data. To exemplify the efficiency of the proposed approach, it is shown how to use it to analyze new data on effects of a synthetic surfactant on water filtering by bivalves. It is concluded that the proposed approach will be helpful in better assessing environmental and ecological hazards from anthropogenic effects on biota, including effects of man-made chemicals polluting ecosystems. The following key issues were presented and analyzed in the paper: 1. The traditional approach to classification of chemicals according to their environmental hazards. 2. A new approach to the analysis of hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. 3. An example of applying the new approach to the analysis of environmental and ecological hazards.
The paper was cited by international experts, e.g., in the paper: R. Grande ; S. Di Pietro; E. Di Campli; S. Di Bartolomeo; B. Filareto; L. Cellini. Bio-toxicological assays to test water and sediment quality. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Volume 42, Issue 1 2007 (January), pages 33 – 38 [Affiliation of the Authors: Rossella Grande a; Stefania Di Pietro ab; Emanuela Di Campli a; Soraya Di Bartolomeo a; Barbara Filareto b; Luigina Cellini a;
a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio,”, Chieti, Italy;
b Agency for the Protection of Environment, Pescara, Italy] DOI: 10.1080/10934520601015446; http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a768424372&db=all;
Keywords: environmental hazards, chemical pollution, man-made effects, anthropogenic impact, self-purification of water, filter-feeders, surfactants, detergents, bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, algae, water quality, water filtration, biological effects of xenobiotics, pollutants, bioaccumulation, toxicity, ecosystem stability, biota, criteria, biospheric processes, marine mussels, Mytilus edulis, bioassay, environmental science, ecotoxicology,
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the important tasks in preventing and mitigating changes in the biosphere is to perform an objective analysis of the hazards of a great many man-made impacts and disturbances on the state of the biota (the world-wide diversity of ecosystems, populations, and organisms). The multitude, diversity, and scale of anthropogenic effects has been described and analyzed in a number of publications (e.g., Yablokov & Ostroumov [1983], [1985], [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]; Krivolutskii [1994]). This paper is based on such papers as well as on our previous publications (Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b ], [2001]).
Studying the multiplicity of characteristics of anthropogenic factors affecting organisms and ecosystems (Flerov [1989]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]; Alimov [2000]; Wetzel [2001]), researchers try to identify and analyze the most important parameters and criteria characterizing negative anthropogenic effects (Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Krivolutskii [1994]), including the effects of chemicals (xenobiotics; pollutants) (Ostroumov [1986]; Filenko [1988]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva, [1991]). Currently the development and systematization of these criteria are far from completion.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to developing approaches to improvement of a system of criteria of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota and to consider some new experimental data on the effects of surfactant xenobiotics on living organisms.
2. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS ACCORDING TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
Approaches to establishing the criteria of ecological hazards of man-made chemicals have been developed in terms of the estimation of toxic contamination of ecosystems and assessment of effects of xenobiotics on organisms (e.g., Flerov [1989]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Filenko [1988]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva [1991]. The classification of chemicals according to their environmental and ecological hazards now accepted in the European Union is based on the following three criteria (e.g., de Bruijin & Struijs, [1997]).
(1) Acute toxicity estimated from LC50 for the three groups of organisms: fish, algae, and daphnia.
(2) Susceptibility of the substance to biological decomposition in water. This is determined with the use of laboratory tests under aerobic conditions. Substances are decomposed by microorganisms, and their decomposition is accompanied by oxygen consumption. If a substance is quickly decomposed (oxidized) by microorganisms, it is not considered to be hazardous to the environment. Exceptions are compounds with a high acute toxicity (with an LC50 less than 10 mg/l) and a high bioaccumulation potential (see the next criterion).
(3) The substance’s capacity for bioaccumulation. This capacity is considered to be hazardously high if the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) is higher than 100, or the logarithm of the distribution coefficient of the substance in the octanol–water system (logPow) is higher than 3.
A disadvantage of this set of criteria is an underestimation of other aspects of ecological hazards due to contamination of a water body with the given chemical, e.g., the hazard of a decrease in water O2 concentration due to oxygen consumption by microorganisms during oxidation of xenobiotics. Behavioral changes in living organisms because of interaction of the pollutant with their receptors (Flerov [1989]; Ostroumov [1991]) is also beyond the scope of this system of criteria. Behavioral changes may occur in the absence of bioaccumulation (i.e., when the substance is not hazardous according to criterion 3). Changes in behavior may result in migration of certain species from the ecosystem (emigration) and, hence, to a decrease in biodiversity.
Therefore, more comprehensive sets of criteria should be developed.
3. A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF HAZARDS OF ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE BIOTA
In some studies, anthropogenic effects on the natural environment were classified on the basis of the approach of considering the levels of biological organization (Yablokov & Ostroumov [1983]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1985]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]) . We suggest a new approach to developing a set of principles for the analysis of man-made effects (Table 1), in which anthropogenic effects on the biota are systematized based on the basis of a similar, but not identical approach (Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001]).
A characteristic feature of the system of principles and criteria shown in Table 1 is the division of the multiplicity of anthropogenic effects into orderly groups according to four levels of biota disturbance. Most of the traditionally studied toxic effects (an increased mortality, ontogenetic disturbances, organ pathology, etc.) fall in the group corresponding to the level of individual and population responses (level 1). Alterations in primary productivity, water concentration of chlorophyll, etc., correspond to the level of aggregated responses (level 2). Alterations at the level of ecosystem stability and integrity (level 3) are important but have not been sufficiently studied. These are, among others, disturbances in the self-purification capacity of water systems (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov, [1998]), i.e., their ability to sustain the parameters of the aquatic environment. The last group (level 4) comprises alterations in the contribution of ecosystems to biospheric processes, including biogeochemical flows of chemical elements (C, N, P, and S).
This approach agrees with the views of some other authors (Filenko [1988]; Stroganov [1976]) and is useful for developing a new, more adequate system of estimation and classification of anthropogenic effects, including environmental pollutants, with respect to ecological hazards.
An important constituent of the proposed system for analysis of ecological hazards is estimation of hazardous effects on the stability and integrity of an ecosystem, e.g., the hazard due to weakening the relationship between plankton and benthos. If an anthropogenic effect weakens this relationship in a given ecosystem, the consequences are expected to be unfavorable [13] (Ostroumov et al. [1997]). An example of such a situation is the decrease in the water filtration rate and elimination of seston by some filter-feeding organisms, such as bivalves, because their filtration activity is one of the important mechanisms for maintaining the plankton–benthos coupling. It would be important to estimate the possible effect of pollutants on the molluscan filtration activity.
Filtration of water and absorption of phyto- and bacterioplankton and other suspended matter by molluscs, as well as formation and excretion of fecal and pseudofecal pellets are important for processes occurring in an aquatic ecosystem (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2001]). Inhibition of filtration by pollutants (xenobiotics) may, in turn, induce other disturbances at several organizational levels (see Table 1) of the ecosystem. Examples of such disturbances are a decrease in water filtration by other hydrobionts, decrease in water transparency and the resultant decrease in penetration of photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet light, deterioration of the conditions for phytobenthos, excessive growth of phyto- and bacterioplankton, disturbances in the regulation of the composition of the algal–bacterial community, increase in detritus formation and siltage of benthic habitats, imbalance of the food web of phytoplankton consumers, decrease in the population growth of filter feeding organisms, decrease in the number of planktophagous larvae and deformation of the food web, and decrease in organic carbon deposition and concentration in bottom sediments (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2001]).
4. EXAMPLE OF APPLYING THE NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL HAZARDS
An important question is whether surfactants, which heavily contaminate environment and have not been sufficiently studied with respect to possible effects on organisms, may suppress filtration (Ostroumov [1986]); Telitchenko, Ostroumov [1990]; Ostroumov [1998]).
Data obtained in experiments on Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis and some other marine and freshwater molluscs indicate that synthetic surfactants may disturb the plankton–benthos coupling (Ostroumov [1998], [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). Some surfactants, such as a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100; an alkylphenol derivative), decrease the rates of water filtration and elimination of algae from water by mussels Mytilus edulis (Table 2). In the presence of 0.5 mg/l TX100, the concentration of algal cells after 90 min of filtration was 1092 cells per 0.5 ml of water versus 532 cells per 0.5 ml of water in the control sample (Table 2). In other words, an excess of algae as a result of filtration suppression was more than twofold (205%). If the TX100 concentration was increased to 2 mg/l, the concentration of algae after filtration was 2635 cells per 0.5 ml versus 556 cells per 0.5 ml in the control sample, i.e., the excess was almost fivefold (474 %). Thus, the inhibition increased with an increase in the surfactant concentration. These results are in excellent agreement with the data on the effects of other chemical compounds [13], including various surfactants, detergents, and other pollutants (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). Recently new similar results were discovered while studying effects of the cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimetyhylammonium bromide on marine mussels (Ostroumov, Widdows, in preparation).
The system of criteria shown in Table 1 simplifies and systematizes the analysis of the ecological role and consequences of man-made disturbances of a given physiological function (in this case, disturbance of water filtration by molluscs). If we go sequentially from level to level, the suggested system will make it possible to follow the range of ecological consequences of a primary man-made disturbance at an individual level that manifests itself at higher levels of biological or ecological organization in an ecologically hazardous form.
In the given example, the change in the organism’s physiological activity (water filtration) is the directly observable effect of the xenobiotic (surfactant). However, we can estimate the ecological hazards more accurately if we consider the processes occurring at level 3 (a decrease in the seston elimination from water and a decrease in the plankton–benthos coupling) and at level 4 (a decrease in the formation and excretion of the pellets formed from the algal cells that have been removed from water).
Many other examples (Filenko [1988]; Flerov [1989]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva [1991]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]) confirm the usefulness and effectiveness of the approach proposed (Table 1) for the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. More detail is given in our books recently published (Ostroumov [2000a], [2001]) as well as in the experimental article (Ostroumov [2002]).
5. CONCLUSION
The proposed level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic alterations in ecosystems allows the multiplicity of anthropogenic effects on the biota to be efficiently systematized. This approach may be used to develop new objective criteria for estimation and classification of ecological and environmental hazards produced by anthropogenic effects on the biota, including the hazards produced by man-made chemicals that pollute the biosphere.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to P. Donkin and N.N.Kolotilova for collaboration, V.I. Artyukhova, D.A. Krivolutskii, Yu.I. Chernov, V.A. Abakumov, and A.O. Kasumyan for fruitful discussion and comments on the material, to Prof. Peter Wangersky for helpful advice.
This study was supported in part by the MacArthur Foundation. Collection of some data was supported by the EERO.
REFERENCES
Alimov A.F. [2000], Elements of Aquatic Ecosystem Function Theory. Nauka Press, St.Peterburg.
Bezel’, V.S., Bol’shakov, V.N., and Vorobeichik, E.L., [1994], Populyatsionnaya ekotoksikologiya (Population Ecotoxicology), Nauka Press, Moscow.
de Bruijn, J. and Struijs, J., [1997], Biodegradation in chemical substances policy. Biodegradation Kinetics, Brussels: SETAC-Europe, pp. 33–45.
Filenko, O.F., [1988], Vodnaya toksikologiya (Water Toxicology), Moscow University Press, Chernogolovka.
Flerov, B.A., [1989], Ekologo-fiziologicheskie aspekty toksikologi presnovodnykh zhivotnykh (Ecological and Physiological Aspects of Toxicology in Freshwater Animals), Nauka Press, Leningrad.
Krivolutskii, D.A., [1994], Pochvennaya fauna v ekotoksikologicheskom kontrole (Soil Fauna in the Ecological Control), Nauka Press, Moscow.
Malakhov, V.V. and Medvedeva, L.A., [1991], Embrional’noe razvitie dvustvorchatykh mollyuskov v norme i pri vozdeistvii tyazhelykh metallov (Embryonic Development of Bivalve Mollusks in the Norm and under Exposure to Heavy Metals), Nauka Press, Moscow.
Ostroumov, S.A., [1986], Vvedenie v biokhimicheskuyu ekologiyu (Introduction to the Biochemical Ecology), Moscow University Press, Moscow. –176 p.
Ostroumov, S.A., [1991], Responses of test-organisms to a quaternary ammonium compound. Vodnye Resursy (Water Resources). 2: 112-116. (in Russian, with English abstract)
Ostroumov S.A. [1998], Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258.13.
Ostroumov, S.A., Donkin, P., and Staff, F., [1997], Effects of surfactants on mussels Mytilus edulis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universitteta. Serija Biologiya (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series Biology.) 3 : 30 - 36. (in Russian with English abstract).
Ostroumov S.A. [2002], Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129.
Ostroumov, S.A., [2000a], Biological effects of surfactants in connection with the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. MAX Press, Moscow. 116 p.
Ostroumov S. A. [2000b], Criteria of Ecological Hazards Due to Anthropogenic Effects on the Biota: Searching for a System. Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 371: 204–206. (Translated from the Russian edition: Ostroumov, S.A., [2000] Doklady Akademii Nauk, 371 ( No. 6): 844–846).
Ostroumov, S.A., [2001], Biological effects of surfactants on organisms. MAX Press, Moscow. 334 p.
Stroganov, N.S., [1976], Obshchaya ekologiya. Biotsenologiya. Gidrobiologiya (General Ecology. Biocenology. Hydrobiology), Vol. 3: Vodnaya toksikologiya (Water Toxicology), VINITI Press, Moscow, pp. 5–47.
Telitchenko, M.M. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1990], Vvedenie v problemy biokhimicheskoi ekologii (Introduction to the Problem of Biochemical Ecology), Nauka Press, Moscow.
Wetzel R. [2001], Limnology. Academic Press, San-Diego et al.
Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1983], Okhrana prirody: problemy i perspektivy (Protection of Nature: Problems and Prospects), Lespromizdat Press, Moscow.
Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1985], Urovni okhranyzhivoi prirody (Levels of the Protection of Living Nature), Nauka Press, Moscow.
Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1991]. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends and Prospects. Springer Press, Berlin.
Table 1. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota . (After Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001], with some modifications)
Table 2. Amount of algae Isochrysis galbana in flasks containing mussels Mytilus edulis after 90 min of water filtration by the molluscs in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 (TX100, 0.5 mg/l). (After Ostroumov [2000b], with some changes).
Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; http://www.tilgher.it/(ekdo002s40etdh55stgyltvf)/index.aspx?lang=eng&tpr=4&act=abs&id=650; |
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7. |
Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: From the theory to ecotechnologies
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S.A.
- Ecologica , 2009
Ostroumov S.A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: From the theory to ecotechnologies. – Ecologica 2007, vol. 15, No. 50, p. 15-21.
(Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia)
Basic elements of a new theory for the...
Ostroumov S.A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: From the theory to ecotechnologies. – Ecologica 2007, vol. 15, No. 50, p. 15-21.
(Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia)
Basic elements of a new theory for the biological mechanism for water self-purification are presented. Hydrobionts (aquatic organisms) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Not only microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi), but also algae, plants, invertebrates, and many other groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. Results of the author's experiments that study the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms (freshwater and marine bivalves) are given. The theory is an innovative basis for developing ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using organisms and ecosystems. This paper generalizes and systematizes the basics of the author’s theory of the multifunctional role that the biota plays in the self-purification and ecological remediation of aquatic ecosystems using the results of previous analyses and the theory of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It is expected that on the basis of this theory some efficient ecotechnologies will emerge to remediate and restore polluted aquatic systems. The paper is based on the presentations that the author made at a scientific seminar in the V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, at the conferences 'Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms-6' (the 6th international conference that was run in Moscow in 2004) and 'Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms-7' (the 7th international conference, Moscow, 2005), XXIX Congress of International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, and other conferences.
Key words:
aquatic ecosystems; water bodies; water streams; aquatic pollution; bioremediation; phytoremediation; filter-feeders; bivalves; water self-purification, freshwater, marine, water quality, pollution, biota, ecotechnology
References:
Alimov, A.F. (1981) Functional ecology of freshwater bivalves. Leningrad: Nauka Press;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 383, No. 5, 710-713;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 385, No. 4, 571-573;
Ostroumov, S.A. (1975) Vestnik Akademii Nauk, vol. 73, No. 3, 232-238;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Hydrobiologia, vol. 469, 117-129;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2004) On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 396, No. 1, 136-141;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2006) Biomachinery for maintaining water quality and natural water self-purification in marine and estuarine systems: Elements of a qualitative theory. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, vol. 1, No. 1, 111-118;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2005) Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. Hydrobiologia, vol. 542, No. 1, 275-286;
Ostroumov, S.A., Walz, N., Rusche, R. (2003) Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 390, No. 3, 423-426;
Alimov A.F. (2000) Elements of Aquatic Ecosystem Function Theory. St. Petersburg: Nauka. 148 p.;
Ostroumov, S.A., Widdows, J. (2006) Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. Hydrobiologia, vol. 556, No. 1, 381-386;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2006) Biological Effects of Surfactants. London-New York: CRC-Taylor & Francis;
Ostroumov, S.A. (1986) Introduction to Biochemical Ecology. Moscow: Moscow State. Univ;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2000) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 374, No. 3, 427-429;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2000) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 375, No. 6, 847- 849;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2000) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 372, No. 2, 279-282;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2001) Biological effects of surfactants on organismy (Biologicheskie effekty pri vozdeistvii poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv na organizmy). Moscow: MAKS Press (in Russian);
Ostroumov, S.A. (2001) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 381, No. 5, 709-712;
Ostroumov, S.A. (2002) Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 382, No. 1, 138-141;
Sushchenya, L.M. (1975) Kolichestvennye zakonomernosti pitaniya rakoobraznykh. Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika;
Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems. San Diego: Academic Press.
Ecologica 2007, vol. 15, No. 50, p. 15-21. In English. |
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On the Concepts of Biochemical Ecology and Hydrobiology: Ecological Chemomediators
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Ostroumov S. A.
- Contemporary Problems of Ecology , 2009
Ostroumov S. A. On the Concepts of Biochemical Ecology and Hydrobiology: Ecological Chemomediators. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 238–244. http://scipeople.com/publication/67236/; ISSN 1995-4255, © Pleiades...
Ostroumov S. A. On the Concepts of Biochemical Ecology and Hydrobiology: Ecological Chemomediators. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 238–244. http://scipeople.com/publication/67236/; ISSN 1995-4255, © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008.
Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, 2006, published in Sibirskii Ekologicheskii Zhurnal, 2006, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 73–82.
Abstract—Earlier, the author published two books (including 'Introduction to Biochemical Ecology', 1986) and some papers, in which he formulated the conceptual foundations of new scientific disciplines — biochemical ecology and biochemical hydrobiology. These trends in research include the studies of the role of chemical substances in interorganismal interactions, in communication
and regulation of supraorganismal systems. Another part of biochemical ecology concerns studies of the fate and transformation of external chemical substances when they interact with the organisms. Both natural and man-made compounds are interesting for biochemical ecology. The basic concepts of biochemical ecology include ecological chemomediators and ecological chemoregulators that have already been included in the body of modern conceptions and are used in modern ecological literature. Application of biochemical ecology to
aquatic ecosystems creates the basis for development of biochemical hydrobiology.
Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 238–244. ISSN 1995-4255
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Элементы теории биоконтроля качества воды: фактор экологической безопасности источников водоснабжения (=Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water)
(публикация автора на scipeople)
Остроумов С.А.
- Химическая и биологическая безопасность. , 2009
Остроумов С.А. Элементы теории биоконтроля качества воды: фактор экологической безопасности источников водоснабжения (=Elements of the theory of...
Остроумов С.А. Элементы теории биоконтроля качества воды: фактор экологической безопасности источников водоснабжения (=Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water) // Химическая и биологическая безопасность. 2008. № 5-6. с.36-39. Библиогр. 22 назв.
[http://www.cbsafety.ru/rus/saf_41_3.asp] УДК 574.6: 574.635: 602.7: 626.
119234, Москва, Ленгоры, Московский гос. университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, биологический факультет.
РЕФЕРАТ: Представлена новая теория биомеханизмов самоочищения воды, изложенная в книге автора «Гидробионты в самоочищении вод и биогенной миграции элементов» (М.: МАКС Пресс, 2008, 200 с.). Гидробионты активно участвуют в процессах, ведущих к очищению воды. В них участвуют почти все группы живых организмов, что анализируется в статье с различных сторон. При разработке теории были использованы результаты опытов автора, изучавшего воздействие поллютантов на живые организмы. Изложенная теория служит инновационной основой для создания новых экотехнологий очищения воды и повышения ее качества с использованием водных организмов. Представлены и обоснованы новые основные концепции, в том числе понятия и термины: biomachinery, экзометаболизм, экологические хеморегуляторы, экологические хемомедиаторы, макросимбиотические системы и другие. Новые результаты автора по выявлению свойства синтетических поверхностно-активных веществ (ПАВ) подавлять фильтрацию воды двустворчатыми моллюсками были признаны научным открытием и отмечены Дипломом за научное открытие № 274. Теория вносит вклад в научные основы укрепления экологической безопасности водных экосистем (водоемов и водотоков), которые служат источниками водоснабжения.
Ostroumov S.A. Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water. // Chemical and Biological Safety (=Himicheskaja i biologicheskaja bezopasnost' , Moscow). 2008. No. 5-6. p.36-39. ABSTRACT: A new theory for the biomechanisms for water self-purification is presented in the author’s book ‘Aquatic Organisms in Water Self-Purification and Biogenic Migration of Elements’ (2008, 200 p.). Hydrobionts (aquatic organisms) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Almost all main groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. In the theory, the results of the author's experiments on the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms were used. The theory is an innovative basis for new ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using aquatic organisms. New fundamental concepts were introduced and discussed, including the concepts and terms: biomachinery, exometabolism, ecological chemoregulators, ecological chemomediators, macrosymbiotic system and others. The new authors’s results on the surfactant-induced inhibition of water filtration by bivalves were recognized as a scientific discovery. As a result, the author was awarded Diploma for Scientific Discovery No. 274. The theory is a contribution to the scientific basis for environmental safety of the aquatic ecosystems (aquatic bodies and streams) that serve as sources of water supply.
Ключевые слова: качество воды, водные экосистемы, самоочищение воды, загрязнение; загрязняющие вещества, поллютанты, ксенобиотики, синтетические химические вещества, биотестирование, экологическая опасность, инновации, экологическая безопасность, источники водоснабжения, устойчивое использование, водные ресурсы, ресурсы пресной воды, морские, поверхностные водные экосистемы, новая концепция, экзометаболизм, биотрансформации, биодеградация, разложение, водоемы, водотоки, хеморегуляторы, макросимбиотические системы, биогенная миграция элементов, научное открытие № 274, антропогенное воздействие, экология, геохимия, репарация, поверхностно-активные вещества, ПАВ, детергенты, моющие средства, фильтраторы, биоконтроль, самоочистительный потенциал экосистемы, фитотехнология, фиторемедиация, экобиотехнология.
Key words: Water quality, aquatic ecosystems, water self-purification, pollution; pollutants, xenobiotics, synthetic chemicals, bioassays, biotesting, ecological hazards, innovations, environmental safety, sources of water supply, sustainable use, aquatic resources, freshwater, marine, surface aquatic ecosystems, new concept of exometabolism, pollutants, biotransformation, biodegradation, destruction, water bodies, streams, chemoregulators, macrosymbiotic system, biogenic migration of elements, scientific discovery No. 274, anthropogenic impact, ecology, geochemistry, repair, biomachinery, surfactants, tensides, detergents, filter-feeders, biocontrol, self-purification potential of ecosystems, phytotechnology, phytoremediation, ecobiotechnology.
Остроумов С.А. Элементы теории биоконтроля качества воды: фактор экологической безопасности источников водоснабжения (=Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water) // Химическая и биологическая безопасность. 2008. № 5-6. с.36-39.
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Basics of the Molecular-Ecological Mechanism of Water Quality Formation and Water Self-Purification.
(публикация автора на scipeople)
S. A. Ostroumov.
- Contemporary Problems of Ecology , 2009
S. A. Ostroumov. Basics of the Molecular-Ecological Mechanism of Water Quality Formation and Water Self-Purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 147–152. DOI: 10.1134/S1995425508010177 [ISSN 1995-4255,...
S. A. Ostroumov. Basics of the Molecular-Ecological Mechanism of Water Quality Formation and Water Self-Purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 147–152. DOI: 10.1134/S1995425508010177 [ISSN 1995-4255, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.]
Key words: modern ecological theory, polyfunctional role, biota, mechanism, water quality, self-purification, aquatic ecosystems, freshwater, marine, sources of energy, structural and functional units, processes, major taxa, reliability, external factors, man-made impact, anthropogenic, pollution, pollutants, biodiversity protection, filter-feeders, bivalves, xenobiotics, organic and inorganic pollutants, synthetic surfactants, detergents, heavy metals, sustainable use, water and biological resources, ecosystem health, ecosystem services, best management
Abstract.—The paper formulates basics of a new modern ecological theory of the polyfunctional role of biota in the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification in aquatic ecosystems. The theory covers the following items: (1) sources of energy for self-purification mechanisms, (2) the main structural and functional units of the water self-purification biomachinery, (3) the main processes involved, (4) contributions of major taxa (groups of organisms) to self-purification, (5) system reliability, (6) the response of the system as a whole to external factors (esp. chemical pollution by xenobiotics including both organic and inorganic pollutants), (7) particulars of the operation of water purification
mechanisms, and (8) conclusions and recommendations for biodiversity protection practice, and for sustainable use of water and biological resources. The theory was supported by new author’s experiments and recent publications.
Basics of the Molecular-Ecological Mechanism of Water Quality Formation and Water Self-Purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 147–152. |