http://scipeople.ru/publication/104392/; Biomachinery: a new concept that was introduced in hydrobiology and aquatic ecology by Dr. S.A. Ostroumov in 1999, with some additional publications in 2005 and 2006. Ostroumov S.A. Filter-feeders as part of ecological biomachinery to purify water // Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 2005. Vol. 29/2 (Stuttgart, E.Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung), p.1072-1075; The author introduced a new fundamental concept in the science of hydrobiology and aquatic ecology: biomachinery of water self-purification. The aquatic invertebrates that are filter-feeders constitute a vital part of the complex of aquatic organisms which are involved in the biomachinery of improving water quality. http://www.citeulike.org/user/ATP/article/9925779; Table of contents, and the cover: http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/books/es/verhandlun-167002902-desc.html; http://www.borntraeger-cramer.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510540662/XXIX-Congress-Lahti-Finland-8---14-August-2004; A more detailed presentation of this and some relevant concepts: http://www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/619_Vital_role_of_aquatic_organisms_in_improving_water_quality; Ostroumov S.A. Biomachinery for maintaining water quality and natural water self-purification in marine and estuarine systems: elements of a qualitative theory // International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography. 2006. Vol. 1, No.1. p.111-118. www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/100141.pdf; Advantages of using the concept and term ‘biomachinery’: (1) it provides an excellent framework to integrate knowledge on biotic and abiotic processes contributing to improving water quality; (2) it provides excellent opportunities to compare natural and technological processes , and as a result, to draw useful conclusions and lessons from ecological facts, to apply them to technology of water, and to management of water resources. How the term 'biomachinery' was introduced to science: it happened in 1999. See the abstract: Ostroumov S.A. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems. - Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ASLO, Waco, TX. 1999. P. 134; Dr. S.A. Ostroumov initiated and chaired the session "Ecosystems as Hi-Tech Water Purification Biomachinery" at the ASLO Meeting Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico; it is the first time that he introduced the scientific term ‘biomachinery’. Key words: water, quality, pollution, oceanography, water_quality, mollusks, mariculture, hydrobiology, filtering_activity, filter_feeders, filter-feeders, eutrophication, ecosystems_services, ecosystems, ecology, control, biosphere, biomachinery, biological, benthos, aquatic_ecosystems, aquatic, bivalves, marine, freshwater

Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia, 2005, 542: 275-286. The full text is made available online free: See: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/5152_TextsOnlineFree; http://www.scribd.com/doc/44105992; Abstract: On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filter-feeders in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others). Some of new blogs with additional relevant publications: publications authored and coathored by S.A.Ostroumov are available online free: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/5152_TextsOnlineFree; Examples of some citations of S.A.Ostroumov's papers: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/3380_Ecology_biology_life_sciences_Bibliography ; Book: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/4528_EcotoxicologyDetergents; FAQ (Frequently asked questions) : how to use the book and relevant papers on detergents and surfactants: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/5898_FAQDetergentsSurfactantsRisk;
Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia, 2005, 542: 275-286

Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Volume 380, Numbers 1-6, p. 492-495. ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online). DOI 10.1023/A:1012344026176. The author introduced a new concept and term, “the synecological summation of the effects of anthropogenic factors on organisms”. In the new author’s experiments, the effects of commercial detergents, which are chemical mixtures, on bivalves (detergent OMO, freshwater mussels Unio tumidus) were studied. Detergents exert two types of hazardous effects on organisms and ecosystems: the phosphorus-induced stimulation of phytoplankton growth and surfactant-induced inhibition of filter-feeders. Because filter-feeders are an effective natural factor of control of unicellular plankton populations, the two types of the detergent-induced effects on ecosystem facilitate the growth of phytoplankton populations. Therefore, these effects sum together, thereby increasing the hazard of the man-made impact on the ecosystem. The results contribute to a better understanding of the potential ecological danger of pollutants for integral functions of ecosystems. It is the synecological summation of the effects of anthropogenic factors on plankton populations and filter-feeders that is of particular concern. The interaction between populations of plankton organisms and filter-feeders that feed on plankton should be taken into consideration in the studies on the ecological effects of synthetic detergents on these populations. Situations of man-made impact should be analyzed with using the synecological approach to the problem. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/; www.springerlink.com/index/L33309208H28L87R.pdf; DOI 10.1023/A:1012344026176; Translated from the original Russian paper: Responses of Unio tumidus to a mixture of chemicals and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects (Reagirovanie Unio tumidus pri vozdeistvii smesevogo himicheskogo preparata i opasnost sinekologicheskogo summirovaniya antropogennyh vozdeistviy). — DAN. 2001. Vol. 380. No. 5. P. 714-717. (in Rus.). Key words: bivalves, freshwater mussels, Unio tumidus, detergents, mixed chemical preparations, hazards, synecological summation of anthropogenic effects, new concept, pollution, filter-feeders, water self-purification, water quality, aquatic ecosystem, bioassay

Conservation.Environment.Challenges.Solutions (= Охрана природы. Окружающая среда. Проблемы. Решения).http://scipeople.com/publication/70357/; Brief review: The concise results and shortlist of some well-cited publications on ecology and environment - in English, the full texts or abstracts available online free (updated 2010, Mar 20) The publications by S.A. Ostroumov in the main part of the list below include those that described some innovations in conceptualization of the fundamentals of ecology, – e.g., such as the notion of ecosystem [15]. Previously, in the book ‘Introduction to Biochemical Ecology’, the same author explored another fundamental issue of ecology and made a new classification of interorganismal interactions mediated by chemicals. Also, some of the publications given below formulated a new theory of the biomachinery that provides the useful ecosystem’s service of improving water quality [2, 4, 14, 20, 24, 25, 31]. In another essential series of publications, a set of new biological effects of man-made chemicals were discovered [1, 6, 12, 16, 19, 27; and others]. As a result, some new hazards of chemical pollution to the biosphere were found [1, 2, 12, 17, 19, 21]. Practical recommendations to better protect aquatic biodiversity were published [18], which was a continuation of the book ‘Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, Prospects’ (by A. Yablokov, S. Ostroumov, Springer Press). Steps towards new technologies to combat pollution were made [30]. A list of priorities in the further research on the most urgent issues of ecology and environment was developed [23]. The publications [1-32] and other publications authored and coauthored by S.A.O. were commented and supported in the papers and books by many other authors [33-119]. Among them are the scientists who work in N. America (e.g., [50, 61, 100, 103]), Europe (e.g., [58, 68-70, 79, 84 ]; including France, Spain, Greece), Asia (e.g., [72, 81, 88, 101, 117]; including China and India), and other parts of the world. See attached - См. приложенный файл KEY WORDS: ecosystem, pollutants, biomachinery that provide the ecosystem’s service of improving water quality, new biological effects of man-made chemicals, new hazards of chemical pollution to the biosphere, recommendations to better protect aquatic biodiversity, conservation of nature and resources, new phytotechnologies to combat pollution, priorities, environment protection; water self-purification; surfactants, detergents, filter-feeders, environmental safety

The concise results and shortlist of some well-cited publications on ecology and environment - in English, the full texts or abstracts available online free (updated 2010, Mar 20). The publications by S.A.O. in the main part of the list below include those that described some innovations in conceptualization of the fundamentals of ecology, – e.g., such as the notion of ecosystem [15]. Previously, in the book ‘Introduction to Biochemical Ecology’, the same author explored another fundamental issue of ecology and made a new classification of interorganismal interactions mediated by chemicals. Also, some of the publications given below formulated a new theory of the biomachinery that provides the useful ecosystem’s service of improving water quality [2, 4, 14, 20, 24, 25, 31]. In another essential series of publications, a set of new biological effects of man-made chemicals were discovered [1, 6, 12, 16, 19, 27; and others]. As a result, some new hazards of chemical pollution to the biosphere were found [1, 2, 12, 17, 19, 21]. Practical recommendations to better protect aquatic biodiversity were published [18], which was a continuation of the book ‘Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, Prospects’ (by A. Yablokov, S. Ostroumov, Springer Press). Steps towards new technologies to combat pollution were made [30]. A list of priorities in the further research on the most urgent issues of ecology and environment was developed [23]. The publications [1-32] and other publications authored and coauthored by S.A.O. were commented and supported in the papers and books by many other authors [33-119]. Among them are the scientists who work in N. America (e.g., [50, 61, 100, 103]), Europe (e.g., [58, 68-70, 79, 84 ]; including France, Spain, Greece), Asia (e.g., [72, 81, 88, 101, 117]; including China and India), and other parts of the world. KEY WORDS: ecosystem, pollutants, biomachinery that provide the ecosystem’s service of improving water quality, new biological effects of man-made chemicals, new hazards of chemical pollution to the biosphere, recommendations to better protect aquatic biodiversity, conservation of nature and resources, new phytotechnologies to combat pollution, priorities, environment protection; water self-purification; surfactants, detergents, filter-feeders, environmental safety REFERENCES: 1. The book: Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9 [new facts and concepts on assessment of hazards from chemicals, new look on the factors important to water quality, to sustainability; new priorities in environmental safety]; the table of contents see at: http://www.chipsbooks.com/biosurfc.htm; 2. Ostroumov S. A. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286–289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/; 3. Ostroumov S. A., Kolesnikov M. P. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000, 373: 397–399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 373, No. 2, pp. 278–280. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/; 4. Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ ; 5. Ostroumov S.A. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371: 204-206. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ ; 6. Ostroumov S. A. An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Volume 28, Number 1, p. 95-102. ISSN 1062-3590 (Print) 1608-3059 (Online); DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000; http://www.springerlink.com/content/l665628020163255/; 7. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Vol. 377, pp. 139–141. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 375, No. 6, pp. 847–849. [In the paper, the author developed a new approach to analyze the fundamental ecological issue, the interactions between organisms in ecosystems. He suggested using the methodology of inhibitory analysis to study interactions in trophic chains. Important situation is the top–down control of plankton by benthic filter-feeders. This control, as the author’s experiments have shown, might be removed by chemical inhibitors (the latter may enter the ecosystem as pollutants)]. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_interactions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems; 8. Ostroumov SA. The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 381: 559-562. PMID: 12918433 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf ; 9. Ostroumov SA. The hazard of a two-level synergism of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 499-501. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ ; PMID: 12918416 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 10. Ostroumov SA. Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 492-495. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/; PMID: 12918414 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 11. Ostroumov SA, Kolesnikov MP. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379: 378-381. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/; PMID: 12918380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 12. Ostroumov SA. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379: 341-343. PMID: 12918370 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://sites.google.com/site/1dbs379p341imbalance/; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/321_Discovery_of_the_system_where_chemical_pollution_could_impair_the_regulation_and_balance_in_the_abundance_of_phytoplankton_threat_to_ecological_stability_ ; 13. Ostroumov SA. Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 378: 248-250. For the first time, oysters were used as the test-organisms in bioassay of synthetic surfactants and detergents. The new data revealed a novel type of hazard to mariculture. New negative effects of surfactants and chemical mixtures on water filtering activity of Crassostrea gigas were discovered. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/; PMID: 12918342 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 14. Ostroumov SA. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 382: 18-21; http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/ATP/article/6113559/ostroumov_02_biodiversity.pdf; 15. Ostroumov S.A. New definitions of the concepts and terms ecosystem and biogeocenosis. - Doklady Biological Sciences 2002 (March), Volume 383, Numbers 1- 6, p. 141-143. [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=997c8c86899d5a6e24531054ad1bcd1e; PMID: 12053565 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 16. Ostroumov SA. A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagial-benthal coupling. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383: 127-130. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; www.springerlink.com/index/28V23JBFADL1Y100.pdf; In the paper new facts are reported that shows man-made hazards to 3 aspects of functioning of the biosphere and ecosystems: (1) formation of water quality; (2) biogeochemical flows of C, N, P and other constituents of biomass; (3) formation of deposits of organic matter as bottom sediments. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/358_Three_new_key_hazards_to_the_functioning_of_the_biosphere; PMID: 12053562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 17. Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a New Type of Ecological Hazard of Chemicals: Inhibition of Processes of Ecological Remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 385, 2002 (November), pp. 377–379. [Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 385, No. 4, 2002, pp. 571–573]. PMID: 12469618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8408a7cfaa984764b812ce79c77007f2; 18. Ostroumov SA. System of principles for conservation of the biogeocenotic function and the biodiversity of filter-feeders. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383: 147-150. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/359_How_to_establish_a_new_type_of_reserves_to_protect_aquatic_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_services; PMID: 12053567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 19. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification // Hydrobiologia. 2002. vol. 469. P.117-129. A new approach to prevent pollution, eutrophication, and algal blooms was identified and analyzed in this paper. The approach is based on efficient use of the natural mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystem DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC; 20. Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2H469p203.Polyfunctional.role.w.Addendum.rtf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/hcrfvmdncdm8e3pf/; 21. Ostroumov S. A., Walz N., Rusche R. Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2003 (May). Vol. 390. p. 252-255 [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. PMID: 12940156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=def6575c794b111fcc31275e853c2b15; 22. Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. - Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. Review. PMID: 12852181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; 23. Ostroumov S.A., Dodson S., Hamilton D., Peterson S., Wetzel R.G. Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003 (May). 96: 327-332. Abstracts in Eng. and Italian (p. 332). http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595906 ; PMID: 14595906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Research priorities in ecology and environmental sciences for the future are formulated. The priorities for both fundamental and applied ecology are proposed. The list of priorities includes 50 items. The priorities are relevant to terrestrial, aquatic, and general ecology. The list of priorities is helpful when grant proposals are being prepared, evaluated, and selected for funding. 24. Ostroumov S. A. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1- 6, p. 206-211. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechanisms_of_improving_water_quality; PMID: 15354827 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 25. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum, 2004, 97 (1): 67-78. Abstracts in Eng. and Italian. [A new fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics - induced inhibition of the water filtration performed by the bivalve molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and inhibition of feeding by Limnaea stagnalis emphasized the potential ecological hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15648211; PMID: 15648211 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/4Rivista.Biologia97p39Aquatic..Bioreactor.RTF; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/407_New_concept_of_ecosystem; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/410_New_Concept_of_Ecosystem; 26. Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia, 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 – 286. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc; http://www.springerlink.com/content/u21p83p0423j8714/; 27. Ostroumov S. A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. // Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No. 1. Pages: 381 – 386. [For the first time the negative effects of the three surfactants on the filtration rates by marine mussels were presented in one paper. The xenobiotics tested represented anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TDTMA, a representative of a class of cationic surfactants; sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS, a representative of anionic alkyl sulfates; and Triton X-100, a representative of non-ionic hydroxyethylated alkyl phenols). Negative effects of SDS, TDTMA, and Triton X-100 on the filtration activity of marine mussels M. edulis and M. edulis / M. galloprovincialis were discovered. All three surfactants inhibited the clearance rates. This is the first publication of the negative effects of a cationic surfactant on Atlantic mussels Mytilus. The significance of the results for the ecology of marine ecosystems is discussed]. DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/; 28. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008 (Feb), Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. [ISSN 1995-4255(Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/CPEC2008BasicsMolEcol.Mech.WaterQuali(0147.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/e380263154u73045/; 29. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica, 2007, vol. 15 (50), p.15-23. (ISSN 0354-3285). Some basic elements of a new theory for the biological mechanism for water self-purification are presented. Aquatic organisms (hydrobionts) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Not only microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi), but also algae, plants, invertebrates, and other groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. Results of the author's experiments that study the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms (freshwater and marine bivalves) are given. The theory is an innovative basis for developing ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using organisms and ecosystems [http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32850750015O]; 30. Ostroumov S.A., Shestakova T.V. Decreasing the measurable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the water of the experimental systems containing Ceratophyllum demersum: The phytoremediation potential // Doklady Biological Sciences. 2009, Vol. 428, No. 1, p. 444-447. www.springerlink.com/index/ML1062K7271L318N.pdf; http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; 31. Ostroumov S.A. Towards the general theory of ecosystem-depended control of water quality. - Ecologica, 2009, vol. 16, No. 54, p. 25-32. (Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia). Abstract: A new set of ecological generalizations formulated in this paper represent, in a systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of biotic control of water quality and water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory contributes to a better understanding of the issues of stability and regulation in the biosphere. The theory is supported by the results of the author’s experimental studies of the effects exerted by surfactants, detergents and other pollutants on aquatic organisms. http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/; 32. Ostroumov S.A. Suspension-feeders as factors influencing water quality in aquatic ecosystems. - In: The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems, R.F. Dame, S. Olenin (Eds.), Springer, Dordrecht, 2004. p. 147-164. [Proceedings of the Advanced Research Workshop on the Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems, Nida, Lithuania 4–9 October 2003. Suspension-feeders are found in both pelagic and benthic systems. They function as an important part of an ecosystem's biomachinery that maintains water quality and purification potential in aquatic systems. They remove suspended matter and excrete faeces, pseudofaeces and dissolved inorganic materials that contribute to nutrient cycling between the water column and the benthic habitats. Suspension-feeders are a key part of many natural aquatic remediation systems and they can decrease some negative anthropogenic impacts. Recent author’s experiments are reported that demonstrate new effects of pollutants on the filtration rates of suspension-feeders. Table 1: factors decreasing water quality in aquatic ecosystems; Table 2: how filter-feeders may produce effects on 9 processes of water purification (chemical oxidation by oxygen, photodegradation etc.); Table 3: quantitative data on filter-feeders of 12 large taxa (Rotifers, Polychaeta etc.); Table 4: amount of the days for the water column to be filtered in 20 ecosystems; Table 5: production of biosediments per year or per day by filter-feeders; Table 6: chemicals that inhibit filtration rates (mainly the data generated by the author); Table 7: Key facts and principles that characterize suspension - feeders as part of water-filtering biomachinery maintaining water quality; Table 8: the level-block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. New concepts: polyfunctional role of suspension-feeders regulating ecosystem processes (p.155); "suspension-feeders have a potential to contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity (in terms of patchiness of concentrations of suspended matter in water) (p.157); "ecological taxation: suspension-feeders pay ecological tax to the community (ecosystem)" (p.157)]. ISBN 978-1-4020-3028-4 (Print) 978-1-4020-3030-7 (Online). DOI 10.1007/1-4020-3030-4_9. Some of the publications above and the results in them won awards and Diplomas, including: Diploma at the 1st International Forum on Conservancy of Nature (Moscow, 7- 9th September 2005), signed by the Co-Chairs of the Forum, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources of Russian Federation and Vice-President of the Trade Chamber of Russian Federation). Diploma of the journal 'Ecology and Life' (awarded 15 October 2005). Diploma of the competition 'Sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection – strategy of sustainable development of Russia in the 21st century' at the international conference 'Sustainable Development: Nature-Society-Man' (organized in 2006, Moscow, by the Ministry of Natural Resources) for the paper by Ostroumov S.A. and Solomonova E.A. "On studies of water self-purification and interactions between pollutants (surfactants) and biota: searching approaches to issues relevant to sustainable use of water resources " (Directive of the Ministry of Natural Resources No.126 of 02 June 2006; the Diploma was signed by the Minister). Diploma to the book 'Biotic Mechanism of Self-purification of Freshwater and Marine Water' by Dr. S. A. Ostroumov, awarded at the 7th International Conference ‘Aquatic Ecosystems, Organisms, Innovations’ (2005). Diploma of the Academy of Aquatic Sciences for the series of innovative publications on aquatic ecology, interactions between chemicals and organisms, and water self-purification, including the books 'Biological Effects of Surfactants in Connection with the Anthropogenic Impact on the Biosphere'; 'Biological Effects of Surfactants on Organisms'; 'Biotic Mechanism of Self-Purification of Freshwater and Marine Water'; 'Pollution, Self-Purification and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems'; 'Biological Effects of Surfactants', (awarded in 2006). Diploma of the Academy of Aquatic Sciences 'for his innovative contribution to improvement of environmental and ecological education', including the book 'Ecology and Hydrobiology. Curricula of Lecture Courses' (awarded in 2006). Diploma of the Moscow Society of the Researchers of Nature (awarded in 2007). The publications above [1-32] and other publications authored and coauthored by S.A.Ostroumov were commented and cited as valuable contributions in the following publications: 33. Chatzinikolaou Y., Ioannou A., Lazaridou M. Intra-basin spatial approach on pollution load estimation in a large Mediterranean river. – Desalination. 2010 (January) Volume 250, Issue 1, Pages 118-129. DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.062. 34. Chatzinikolaou Y., Lazaridou M. Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece. - Mediterranean Marine Science, 2007, Volume 8/2, p.19-32. 35. Dingjiang Chen, Jun Lu, Yena Shen. (D. Chen, J. Lu, Y. Shen) Artificial neural network modelling of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved oxygen in a non-point source polluted river in Zhejiang Province, southeast China. // Hydrological Processes. Early View (Articles online in advance of print); Published Online: 21 Oct 2009; Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 36. Mohneke, M., Rödel, M.-O. Declining amphibian populations and possible ecological consequences - A review. // Salamandra, 2009, 45 (4), pp. 203-210. 37. Dafforn, K.A., Glasby, T.M., Johnston, E.L. Links between estuarine condition and spatial distributions of marine invaders // Diversity and Distributions 2009, v. 15 (5), pp. 807-821. 38. Stabili, L., Licciano, M., Longo, C., Corriero, G., Mercurio, M. Evaluation of microbiological accumulation capability of the commercial sponge Spongia officinalis var. adriatica (Schmidt) (Porifera, Demospongiae) Water Research, 2008, vol. 42 (10-11), pp. 2499-2506. 39. Bussell, J.A., Gidman, E.A., Causton, D.R., Gwynn-Jones, D., Malham, S.K., Jones, M.L.M., Reynolds, B., Seed, R. Changes in the immune response and metabolic fingerprint of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus) in response to lowered salinity and physical stress. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2008, v. 358 (1), pp. 78-85. 40. 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Innovative approaches to remediation and restoration of polluted aquatic systems. – Water: Technology and Ecology. 2007. No. 4. p. 69-73. 44. Abakumov V.A. New achievements in the studies of aquatic ecosystems and organisms: the concept of ecological repair. - Water: Technology and Ecology. 2007. No. 2. p. 70-71. 45. Abakumov V.A. New advances in remediation and restoration of polluted aquatic systems. – Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007, No. 2 (4), 98-100. 46. Abakumov V.A. New concept in the development of the theory of water self-purification: ecological repair. – Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007, No. 2 (4), 45-46. 47. Aizdaicher N. A., Zh. V. Markina. Toxic effects of detergents on the alga Plagioselmis prolonga (Cryptophyta) // Russian Journal of Marine Biology [MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, distributed by Springer ISSN1063-0740 (Print) 1608-3377 (Online)] Vol. 32, No. 1. 2006. 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Self-purification of water current and the role of microbiological transformation of organic matter in the system of the Selenga river and its delta. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2005, 404 (1-6), pp. 372-374 [MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, distributed by Springer Science+Business Media LLC. ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)] Translated from ‘Doklady Akademii Nauk’, Vol. 404, No. 4, 2005, p. 567–569. 82. Markina Zh. V., N. A. Aizdaicher. Influence of laundry detergents on the abundance dynamics and physiological state of the benthic microalga Attheya ussurensis (Bacillariophyta) in laboratory culture // Russian Journal of Marine Biology [MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica distributed by Springer Science+Business Media LLC; ISSN 1063-0740 (Print) 1608-3377 (Online)]. 2007. Volume 33, Number 6, P. 391-398. DOI 10.1134/S1063074007060053. http://www.springerlink.com/content/9704t6101872x474/; 83. Mearns, A.J., Reish, D.J., Oshida, P.S., Buchman, M., Ginn, T., Donnelly, R. 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Avtoreferat dissertacii na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni doktora biologicheskikh nauk (Special'nost' 03.00.16 – Ekologiya). Moskva; vak.rbcsoft.ru/common/img/uploaded/files/vak/announcements/biolog/MakeevaVM.doc 110. Melekhova O.P., E.I.Egorova, T.I.Evseeva, V.M.Glazer, S.A.Geras'kin, YU.K.Doronin, A.A.Kitashova, A.V.Kitashov, YU.P.Kozlov, I.A.Kondrat'eva, G.V.Kossova, S.V.Kotelevtsev, D.N.Matorin, S.A.Ostroumov, S.I.Pogosyan, A.V.Smurov, G.N.Solovykh, A.L.Stepanov, N.A.Tushmalova, L.V.Cacenko. Biological Control of the Environment: Bioindication and Biotesting. Мoscow: Publishing Center Academia 2007, 288 p. ISBN 978-5-7695-3560-4. 111. Saratovskikh E. A., L. A. Korshunova, O. S. Roshchupkina, Yu. I. Skurlatov. Ingibirovanie NADN-oksidoreduktazy soedineniyami metallov. – Chemical Physics [= Inhibition of NADH-oxidoreductases by metal compounds. - Khimicheskaya fizika]. - Vol. 26, No. 8, 2007, p. 46-53. 112. Ermakov V. V., Tjutikov S.F. Geohimicheskaja ekologija zhivotnyh. – Moscow: Nauka, 2008; 113. Bussell, J. A., E. A. Gidman, D. R. Causton, D.Gwynn-Jones, S. K. Malham, M. L.M. Jones, B. Reynolds and R.Seed. Changes in the immune response and metabolic fingerprint of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus) in response to lowered salinity and physical stress. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2008, Volume 358, Issue 1, Pages 78-85. [doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2008.01.018] 114. Jiang, J.-G., and Y.-F. Shen. Estimation of the natural purification rate of a eutrophic lake after pollutant removal. - Ecological Engineering. 2006, Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 166-173. [doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.06.002] 115. Safi K. A., J. E. Hewitt and S. G. Talman. The effect of high inorganic seston loads on prey selection by the suspension-feeding bivalve, Atrina zelandica. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2007, Volume 344, Issue 2, Pages 136-148. 116. Pandey J., Chauhan A., Jain R.K. Integrative approaches for assessing the ecological sustainability of in situ bioremediation. - FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2008, Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages 324 – 375. 117. Samal N. R.; A. Mazumdar; K. D. Jöhnk; F. Peeters. Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model. - Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 1539-4077, Volume 12, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 215 – 225. 118. Markina Zh. V., Aizdaicher N. A. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) as a test organism for evaluation of detergent pollution of marine environment. - Russian Journal of Marine Biology [=Biologiya Morya; MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica distributed by Springer Science+Business Media LLC]. ISSN 1063-0740 (Print) 1608-3377 (Online); DOI 10.1007/s11179-005-0078-6] 2005 (July). Volume 31, Number 4, p. 232-237; (Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 960041); http://www.springerlink.com/content/r512q7730v150187/; 119. Маркина Ж. В. , Айздайчер Н. А. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) как тест-объект для оценки загрязнения морской среды детергентами. Биология моря. [ISSN 0134-3475] 2005, Том 31, Номер 4 Страницы 274-279; http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=8971213 http://eps.dvo.ru/bm/2005/4/pdf/bm-274-279.pdf . FULL TEXTS OF SOME OF THE PUBLICATIONS, comments, and CONTENTS in a nutshell see at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/619_Vital_role_of_aquatic_organisms_in_improving_water_quality; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/610_New_unified_theory_of_the_ecological_mechanisms_to_improve_water_quality_and_to_make_water_clear_a_basis_for_water_purification_and_waste_water_treatment; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/608_Does_implementation_of_environmental_law_depend_on_new_improvement_of_ecological_terms_Fundamental_solutions_suggested; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/594_New_plant_species_as_a_potent_tool_to_clean_water_and_to_remove_heavy_metals; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/466_The_Threat_of_Shampoo_to_the_Biosphere; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/410_A_New_Concept_For_Ecosystems; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/389_Stopping_Pollution_Eutrophication_and_Algal_Blooms; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/379_Underwater_Secrets_of_Global_Change; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/369_Vulnerability_of_Major_Plankton_Groups_Rotifers; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/358_Three_New_Key_Hazards_to_the_Functioning_of_the_Biosphere; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_interactions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecosystems; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/276_New_threat_to_water_quality_discovery_of_the_new_important_type_of_hazards_from_pollution_Synecological_summation_of_effects_on_different_trophic_levels; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/255_Criteria_of_ecological_hazards_due_to_anthropogenic_effects_on_the_biota_Searching_for_a_system; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/262__The_Concept_of_Aquatic_Biota_as_a_Labile_and_Vulnerable_Component_of_the_Water_SelfPurification_System; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/241_innovative_concept_of_ecosystem_as_a_multifunctional_bioreactor_one_of_its_functions_is_upgrading_water_quality_ecosystem_service; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/180_A_new_type_of_effect_of_potentially_hazardous_substances http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/369_Vulnerability_of_Major_Plankton_Groups_Rotifers; https://www.researchgate.net/profile.ProfileBlogEntry.html?dbw=true&blogId=373; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/388_new_keys_to_prevent_pollution_eutrophication_algal_blooms; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/379_Underwater_Secrets_of_Global_Change; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/407_New_concept_of_ecosystem https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/410_New_Concept_of_Ecosystem; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/410_A_New_Concept_For_Ecosystems; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/ http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/ http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://sites.google.com/site/bioeffectsofsurfactants/ http://sites.google.com/site/surfactantinhibitfilterfeed02/ http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/ http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/359_How_to_establish_a_new_type_of_reserves_to_protect_aquatic_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_services; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=997c8c86899d5a6e24531054ad1bcd1e; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/CPEC2008BasicsMolEcol.Mech.WaterQuali(0147.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/4Rivista.Biologia97p39Aquatic..Bioreactor.RTF; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf; http://scipeople.com/users/2943391/ http://scipeople.com/group/334/ http://scipeople.com/group/334/topic/1485/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/409_most_cited_publications_by_Dr_SA_Ostroumov_in_English_available_online; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/466_The_Threat_of_Shampoo_to_the_Biosphere; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2010Nakoplenie.Preprint(Part.1.(BioshereEcotoxGeochem.doc; ADDITIONAL REFERENCES OF RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS see: http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsapublicationsineng/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/ http://sites.google.com/site/bioticupgradewaterquality2008/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsa/ http://sites.google.com/site/biochemicalecology/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsapublicationsruen/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-that-cited-saostroumov http://sites.google.com/site/biosphereostroumov/home http://sites.google.com/site/ecologytobemostcitedtomorrow/home http://sites.google.com/site/ecologytobemostcitedtomorrow/list-of-publications-by-sa-ostroumov http://scipeople.ru/users/2943391/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/321_Discovery_of_the_system_where_chemical_pollution_could_impair_the_regulation_and_balance_in_the_abundance_of_phytoplankton_threat_to_ecological_stability_ ; POSITIVE EVALUATIONS of some of the results published by S.A. Ostroumov see in: Petrosyan V.S. Review of the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. - Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 2007. vol. 12, p. 117-119 (in English); Review of the book: Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. – Bulletin Samarskaya Luka. - 2007. - V. 16, № 4(22). - P. 864-867. Bibliogr. 10 refs. http://www.ssc.smr.ru/media/journals/samluka/2007/16_4_22.pdf; Review of the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. // Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007. № 2 (4). p.108; Review of the book: S.A. Ostroumov. Biological Effects of Surfactants (2006). - Ecologica, 2008. v.15, No. 51, p. 71-72. (ISSN 0354-3285; in English); Review of the book: Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. – Toxicological Review [Toksikologicheskij Vestnik], 2009, No. 2, p. 40; POSITIVE COMMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS see: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecosystems; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Water_quality_Water_self-purification_role_of_biota/board/thread/4400_A_new_way_of_eutrophication_control?viewLast=true; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Water_quality_Water_self-purification_role_of_biota/board/thread/4412_want_to_be_part_of_you?viewLast=true; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Science_Communication/board/thread/4494_New_data_help_save_energy_and_effort_in_water_trea?c=16875#c16875; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Environmental_researches_malacology/board/thread/2179_Sewage_outfalls_into_water_courses?viewLast=true;

Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232. http://scipeople.ru/publication/69542/ табл. Резюме на англ. и итальянск. (с.232) языках. Библ. 24 назв. Из содерж.: Обобщенные концепции фильтрации воды гидробионтами, роли и функций гидробионтов, участвующих в фильтрации воды в экосистемах. Додецилсульфат натрия (ДСН, SDS) 1 мг/л ингибировал фильтрацию (35-95 мин, 16°С) M. edulis и удаление клеток Isochrysis galbana из воды. В присутствии SDS количество клеток, оставшихся в воде неотфильтрованными через 95 мин, втрое превышало количество клеток в контроле без ДСН. Назв. на итальянск. яз.: Il filtraggio biologico e i procedimenti ecologici per l'auto-purificazione degli ecosistemi acquatici. According to one of the approaches to the definition of criteria for the phenomenon of life, the key attribute is the ability of the system for some self-regulating and self-supporting. Part of such holistic functions of aquatic ecosystems as self-regulating and self-supporting is their cleaning the water via a multitude of various mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to present some fundamental elements of the theory of ecosystem self-purification which emphasizes the importance of the four functional biological filters that are instrumental in purification and upgrading the quality of water in aquatic ecosystems. These functional filters are: (1) direct water filtering by aquatic organisms that are filter-feeders; (2) the filter (represented mainly by communities of aquatic plants/periphyton) which prevents input of pollutants and biogenic elements (N, P) from land into water bodies; (3) the filter (represented by benthic organisms) which prevents re-entry of pollutants and biogenic elements from the bottom sediments into the water; (4) the filter (represented by microorganisms attached to particles which are suspended in the water) that provides microbiological treatment of water column. New experimental data by the author reveal the role of man-made effects on the ecological machinery which purifies water. The analysis and discussion lead to the holistic theory of the natural process of bioremediation of aquatic ecosystems. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9857844?dopt=Abstract; PMID: 9857844 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE];
Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232, табл. Резюме на англ. и итальянск. (с.232) языках. Библ. 24 назв.

The concise results and shortlist of some well-cited publications on ecology and environment - in English, the full texts or abstracts available online free (updated 2010, Feb 11) The publications by S.A. Ostroumov in the main part of the list below include those that described some innovations in conceptualization of the fundamentals of ecology, – such as the notion of ecosystem [15]. Previously, in the book ‘Introduction to Biochemical Ecology’, the same author explored another fundamental issue of ecology and made a new classification of interorganismal interactions mediated by chemicals. Also, some of the publications given below formulated a new theory of the biomachinery that provides the useful ecosystem’s service of improving water quality [2, 4, 14, 20, 24, 25, 31]. In another essential series of publications, a set of new biological effects of man-made chemicals were discovered [1, 6, 12, 16, 19, 27; and others]. As a result, some new hazards of chemical pollution to the biosphere were found [1, 2, 12, 17, 19, 21]. Practical recommendations to better protect aquatic biodiversity were published [18], which was a continuation of the book ‘Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, Prospects’ (by A. Yablokov, S. Ostroumov, Springer Press). Steps towards new technologies to combat pollution were made [30]. A list of priorities in further research on most urgent issues of ecology and environment was developed [23]. The publications [1-32] and other publications authored and coauthored by S.A.O. were commented and supported in the papers and books by many other authors [33-117]. Among them are the scientists who work in N. America (e.g., [50, 61, 100, 103]), Europe (e.g., [58, 68-70, 79, 84 ]; including France, Spain, Greece), Asia (e.g., [72, 81, 88, 101, 117]; including China and India), and other parts of the world. KEY WORDS: ecosystem, pollutants, biomachinery that provide the ecosystem’s service of improving water quality, new biological effects of man-made chemicals, new hazards of chemical pollution to the biosphere, recommendations to better protect aquatic biodiversity, conservation of nature and Resources, new phytotechnologies to combat pollution, priorities, environment protection; water self-purification; surfactants, detergents, filter-feeders, environmental safety REFERENCES: 1. book: Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9 [new facts and concepts on assessment of hazards from chemicals, new look on the factors important to water quality, to sustainability; new priorities in environmental safety]; the table of contents see at: http://www.chipsbooks.com/biosurfc.htm; 2. Ostroumov S. A. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286–289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/; 3. Ostroumov S. A., Kolesnikov M. P. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000, 373: 397–399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 373, No. 2, pp. 278–280. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/; 4. Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ ; 5. Ostroumov S.A. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371: 204-206. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ ; 6. Ostroumov S. A. An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Volume 28, Number 1, p. 95-102. ISSN 1062-3590 (Print) 1608-3059 (Online); DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000; http://www.springerlink.com/content/l665628020163255/; 7. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Vol. 377, pp. 139–141. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 375, No. 6, pp. 847–849. [In the paper, the author developed a new approach to analyze the fundamental ecological issue, the interactions between organisms in ecosystems. He suggested using the methodology of inhibitory analysis to study interactions in trophic chains. Important situation is the top–down control of plankton by benthic filter-feeders. This control, as the author’s experiments have shown, might be removed by chemical inhibitors (the latter may enter the ecosystem as pollutants)]. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_interactions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems; 8. Ostroumov SA. The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 381: 559-562. PMID: 12918433 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf ; 9. Ostroumov SA. The hazard of a two-level synergism of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 499-501. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ ; PMID: 12918416 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 10. Ostroumov SA. Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 492-495. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/; PMID: 12918414 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 11. Ostroumov SA, Kolesnikov MP. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379: 378-381. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/; PMID: 12918380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 12. Ostroumov SA. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379: 341-343. PMID: 12918370 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://sites.google.com/site/1dbs379p341imbalance/; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/321_Discovery_of_the_system_where_chemical_pollution_could_impair_the_regulation_and_balance_in_the_abundance_of_phytoplankton_threat_to_ecological_stability_ ; 13. Ostroumov SA. Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 378: 248-250. For the first time, oysters were used as the test-organisms in bioassay of synthetic surfactants and detergents. The new data revealed a novel type of hazard to mariculture. New negative effects of surfactants and chemical mixtures on water filtering activity of Crassostrea gigas were discovered. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/; PMID: 12918342 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 14. Ostroumov SA. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 382: 18-21; http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/ATP/article/6113559/ostroumov_02_biodiversity.pdf; 15. Ostroumov S.A. New definitions of the concepts and terms ecosystem and biogeocenosis. - Doklady Biological Sciences 2002 (March), Volume 383, Numbers 1- 6, p. 141-143. [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=997c8c86899d5a6e24531054ad1bcd1e; PMID: 12053565 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 16. Ostroumov SA. A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagial-benthal coupling. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383: 127-130. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; www.springerlink.com/index/28V23JBFADL1Y100.pdf; In the paper new facts are reported that shows man-made hazards to 3 aspects of functioning of the biosphere and ecosystems: (1) formation of water quality; (2) biogeochemical flows of C, N, P and other constituents of biomass; (3) formation of deposits of organic matter as bottom sediments. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/358_Three_new_key_hazards_to_the_functioning_of_the_biosphere; PMID: 12053562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 17. Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a New Type of Ecological Hazard of Chemicals: Inhibition of Processes of Ecological Remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 385, 2002 (November), pp. 377–379. [Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 385, No. 4, 2002, pp. 571–573]. PMID: 12469618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8408a7cfaa984764b812ce79c77007f2; 18. Ostroumov SA. System of principles for conservation of the biogeocenotic function and the biodiversity of filter-feeders. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383: 147-150. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/359_How_to_establish_a_new_type_of_reserves_to_protect_aquatic_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_services; PMID: 12053567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 19. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification // Hydrobiologia. 2002. vol. 469. P.117-129. A new approach to prevent pollution, eutrophication, and algal blooms was identified and analyzed in this paper. The approach is based on efficient use of the natural mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystem DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC; 20. Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2H469p203.Polyfunctional.role.w.Addendum.rtf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/hcrfvmdncdm8e3pf/; 21. Ostroumov S. A., Walz N., Rusche R. Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2003 (May). Vol. 390. p. 252-255 [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. PMID: 12940156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=def6575c794b111fcc31275e853c2b15; 22. Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. - Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. Review. PMID: 12852181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; 23. Ostroumov S.A., Dodson S., Hamilton D., Peterson S., Wetzel R.G. Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003 (May). 96: 327-332. Abstracts in Eng. and Italian (p. 332). http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595906 ; PMID: 14595906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Research priorities in ecology and environmental sciences for the future are formulated. The priorities for both fundamental and applied ecology are proposed. The list of priorities includes 50 items. The priorities are relevant to terrestrial, aquatic, and general ecology. The list of priorities is helpful when grant proposals are being prepared, evaluated, and selected for funding. 24. Ostroumov S. A. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1- 6, p. 206-211. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechanisms_of_improving_water_quality; PMID: 15354827 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; 25. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum, 2004, 97 (1): 67-78. Abstracts in Eng. and Italian. [A new fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics - induced inhibition of the water filtration performed by the bivalve molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and inhibition of feeding by Limnaea stagnalis emphasized the potential ecological hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15648211; PMID: 15648211 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/4Rivista.Biologia97p39Aquatic..Bioreactor.RTF; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/407_New_concept_of_ecosystem; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/410_New_Concept_of_Ecosystem; 26. Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia, 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 – 286. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc; http://www.springerlink.com/content/u21p83p0423j8714/; 27. Ostroumov S. A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. // Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No. 1. Pages: 381 – 386. [For the first time the negative effects of the three surfactants on the filtration rates by marine mussels were presented in one paper. The xenobiotics tested represented anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TDTMA, a representative of a class of cationic surfactants; sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS, a representative of anionic alkyl sulfates; and Triton X-100, a representative of non-ionic hydroxyethylated alkyl phenols). Negative effects of SDS, TDTMA, and Triton X-100 on the filtration activity of marine mussels M. edulis and M. edulis / M. galloprovincialis were discovered. All three surfactants inhibited the clearance rates. This is the first publication of the negative effects of a cationic surfactant on Atlantic mussels Mytilus. The significance of the results for the ecology of marine ecosystems is discussed]. DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/; 28. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008 (Feb), Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. [ISSN 1995-4255(Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/CPEC2008BasicsMolEcol.Mech.WaterQuali(0147.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/e380263154u73045/; 29. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica, 2007, vol. 15 (50), p.15-23. (ISSN 0354-3285). Some basic elements of a new theory for the biological mechanism for water self-purification are presented. Aquatic organisms (hydrobionts) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Not only microorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi), but also algae, plants, invertebrates, and other groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. Results of the author's experiments that study the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms (freshwater and marine bivalves) are given. The theory is an innovative basis for developing ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using organisms and ecosystems [http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32850750015O]; 30. Ostroumov S.A., Shestakova T.V. Decreasing the measurable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the water of the experimental systems containing Ceratophyllum demersum: The phytoremediation potential // Doklady Biological Sciences. 2009, Vol. 428, No. 1, p. 444-447. www.springerlink.com/index/ML1062K7271L318N.pdf; http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; 31. Ostroumov S.A. Towards the general theory of ecosystem-depended control of water quality. - Ecologica, 2009, vol. 16, No. 54, p. 25-32. (Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia). Abstract: A new set of ecological generalizations formulated in this paper represent, in a systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of biotic control of water quality and water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The theory contributes to a better understanding of the issues of stability and regulation in the biosphere. The theory is supported by the results of the author’s experimental studies of the effects exerted by surfactants, detergents and other pollutants on aquatic organisms. http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/; 32. Ostroumov S.A. Suspension-feeders as factors influencing water quality in aquatic ecosystems. - In: The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems, R.F. Dame, S. Olenin (Eds.), Springer, Dordrecht, 2004. p. 147-164. [Proceedings of the Advanced Research Workshop on the Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems, Nida, Lithuania 4–9 October 2003. Suspension-feeders are found in both pelagic and benthic systems. They function as an important part of an ecosystem's biomachinery that maintains water quality and purification potential in aquatic systems. They remove suspended matter and excrete faeces, pseudofaeces and dissolved inorganic materials that contribute to nutrient cycling between the water column and the benthic habitats. Suspension-feeders are a key part of many natural aquatic remediation systems and they can decrease some negative anthropogenic impacts. Recent author’s experiments are reported that demonstrate new effects of pollutants on the filtration rates of suspension-feeders. Table 1: factors decreasing water quality in aquatic ecosystems; Table 2: how filter-feeders may produce effects on 9 processes of water purification (chemical oxidation by oxygen, photodegradation etc.); Table 3: quantitative data on filter-feeders of 12 large taxa (Rotifers, Polychaeta etc.); Table 4: amount of the days for the water column to be filtered in 20 ecosystems; Table 5: production of biosediments per year or per day by filter-feeders; Table 6: chemicals that inhibit filtration rates (mainly the data generated by the author); Table 7: Key facts and principles that characterize suspension - feeders as part of water-filtering biomachinery maintaining water quality; Table 8: the level-block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. New concepts: polyfunctional role of suspension-feeders regulating ecosystem processes (p.155); "suspension-feeders have a potential to contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity (in terms of patchiness of concentrations of suspended matter in water) (p.157); "ecological taxation: suspension-feeders pay ecological tax to the community (ecosystem)" (p.157)]. ISBN 978-1-4020-3028-4 (Print) 978-1-4020-3030-7 (Online). DOI 10.1007/1-4020-3030-4_9. Some of the publications above and the results in them won awards and Diplomas, including: Diploma at the 1st International Forum on Conservancy of Nature (Moscow, 7- 9th September 2005), signed by the Co-Chairs of the Forum, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources of Russian Federation and Vice-President of the Trade Chamber of Russian Federation). Diploma of the journal 'Ecology and Life' (awarded 15 October 2005). Diploma of the competition 'Sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection – strategy of sustainable development of Russia in the 21st century' at the international conference 'Sustainable Development: Nature-Society-Man' (organized in 2006, Moscow, by the Ministry of Natural Resources) for the paper by Ostroumov S.A. and Solomonova E.A. "On studies of water self-purification and interactions between pollutants (surfactants) and biota: searching approaches to issues relevant to sustainable use of water resources " (Directive of the Ministry of Natural Resources No.126 of 02 June 2006; the Diploma was signed by the Minister). Diploma to the book 'Biotic Mechanism of Self-purification of Freshwater and Marine Water' by Dr. S. A. Ostroumov, awarded at the 7th International Conference ‘Aquatic Ecosystems, Organisms, Innovations’ (2005). Diploma of the Academy of Aquatic Sciences for the series of innovative publications on aquatic ecology, interactions between chemicals and organisms, and water self-purification, including the books 'Biological Effects of Surfactants in Connection with the Anthropogenic Impact on the Biosphere'; 'Biological Effects of Surfactants on Organisms'; 'Biotic Mechanism of Self-Purification of Freshwater and Marine Water'; 'Pollution, Self-Purification and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems'; 'Biological Effects of Surfactants', (awarded in 2006). Diploma of the Academy of Aquatic Sciences 'for his innovative contribution to improvement of environmental and ecological education', including the book 'Ecology and Hydrobiology. Curricula of Lecture Courses' (awarded in 2006). Diploma of the Moscow Society of the Researchers of Nature (awarded in 2007). The publications above [1-32] and other publications authored and coauthored by S.A.Ostroumov were commented and cited as valuable contributions in the following publications: 33. Chatzinikolaou Y., Ioannou A., Lazaridou M. Intra-basin spatial approach on pollution load estimation in a large Mediterranean river. – Desalination. 2010 (January) Volume 250, Issue 1, Pages 118-129. DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.062. 34. Chatzinikolaou Y., Lazaridou M. Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece. - Mediterranean Marine Science, 2007, Volume 8/2, p.19-32. 35. Dingjiang Chen, Jun Lu, Yena Shen. (D. Chen, J. Lu, Y. Shen) Artificial neural network modelling of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved oxygen in a non-point source polluted river in Zhejiang Province, southeast China. // Hydrological Processes. Early View (Articles online in advance of print); Published Online: 21 Oct 2009; Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 36. Mohneke, M., Rödel, M.-O. Declining amphibian populations and possible ecological consequences - A review. // Salamandra, 2009, 45 (4), pp. 203-210. 37. Dafforn, K.A., Glasby, T.M., Johnston, E.L. Links between estuarine condition and spatial distributions of marine invaders // Diversity and Distributions 2009, v. 15 (5), pp. 807-821. 38. Stabili, L., Licciano, M., Longo, C., Corriero, G., Mercurio, M. Evaluation of microbiological accumulation capability of the commercial sponge Spongia officinalis var. adriatica (Schmidt) (Porifera, Demospongiae) Water Research, 2008, vol. 42 (10-11), pp. 2499-2506. 39. Bussell, J.A., Gidman, E.A., Causton, D.R., Gwynn-Jones, D., Malham, S.K., Jones, M.L.M., Reynolds, B., Seed, R. Changes in the immune response and metabolic fingerprint of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus) in response to lowered salinity and physical stress. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2008, v. 358 (1), pp. 78-85. 40. Hartig E.K., Grozev O., Rozenzweig C. Climate change, agriculture and wetlands in Eastern Europe: vulnerability, adaptation and policy // Climatic Change 1997. 36: 107–121. 41. Timofeev N. P. Ecological relations of agricultural populations of ecdysteroid-containing plants Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin and Serratula coronata L. with herbivorous insects. Report 2. Composition variability of phytoecdysteroids in agrocenoses and their role in the vulnerability of plants to phytophagans. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology [MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica distributed by Springer Science+Business Media LLC.; ISSN 1995-4255 (Print) 1995-4263 (Online)]; 2009 (December) Volume 2, Number 6, p. 531-541. [DOI 10.1134/S1995425509060071]. Translated from: Sibirskii Ekologicheskii Zhurnal, 2009, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 829–842. 42. Abakumov V.A. Development of some concepts and issues of ecology and hydrobiology. — Ecol. Studies, Haz., Sol., 2006, v. 11, p. 34-38. 43. Abakumov V.A. Innovative approaches to remediation and restoration of polluted aquatic systems. – Water: Technology and Ecology. 2007. No. 4. p. 69-73. 44. Abakumov V.A. New achievements in the studies of aquatic ecosystems and organisms: the concept of ecological repair. - Water: Technology and Ecology. 2007. No. 2. p. 70-71. 45. Abakumov V.A. New advances in remediation and restoration of polluted aquatic systems. – Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007, No. 2 (4), 98-100. 46. Abakumov V.A. New concept in the development of the theory of water self-purification: ecological repair. – Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007, No. 2 (4), 45-46. 47. Aizdaicher N. A., Zh. V. Markina. Toxic effects of detergents on the alga Plagioselmis prolonga (Cryptophyta) // Russian Journal of Marine Biology [MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, distributed by Springer ISSN1063-0740 (Print) 1608-3377 (Online)] Vol. 32, No. 1. 2006. P. 45-49. www.springerlink.com/index/D5P746W5P9G4G452.pdf. DOI 10.1134/S1063074006010068. 48. Ali, A.M.M. 2007. Water quality enhancement in Sloterbinnenpolder (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) by adopting ecological engineering approaches. M.Sc.Thesis EC 07.17. UNESCO-IHE (Institute for Water Education). 92 p. 49. Beacham W., C. J. Moseley. Beacham's Guide to Environmental Issues & Sources. Washington: Beacham Publishing, 1993. – 3335 p. [ISBN: 0933833318]. 50. Brooks, B.W., Riley, T.M., Taylor, R.D. Water quality of effluent-dominated ecosystems: Ecotoxicological, hydrological, and management considerations. - Hydrobiologia, 2006, 556 (1), pp. 365-379. 51. Carr G. M. Water Quality for Ecosystem and Human Health. United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring System/Water Programme. 2006. 122 p. (ISBN 92-95039-10-6). [http://www.gemswater.orghttp://www.gemstat.orgtel; http://www.gemswater.org/digital_atlas/digital_atlas.pdf.] 52. Danilov-Danil’yan V. I., M. V. Bolgov, V. G. Dubinina, V. S. Kovalevskii, A. G. Kocharyan, N. M. Novikova. Assessment of admissible runoff withdrawals in small river basins: Methodological principles // Water Resources [MAIK Nauka/ Interperiodica, distributed by Springer; ISSN 0097-8078 (Print) 1608-344X (Online)]. 2006, Vol. 33, No. 2. P.205-218. DOI10.1134/S0097807806020096. (Original Russian Text: V.I. Danilov-Danil’yan, M.V. Bolgov, V.G. Dubinina, V.S. Kovalevskii, A.G. Kocharyan, N.M. Novikova, 2006, published in ‘Vodnye Resursy’ 2006, Vol. 33, No. 2, p. 224–238). 53. Dobrovolsky G.V. About development of some concepts of the teaching on the biosphere (the 80th anniversary of the publication of the book 'Biosphere' by V.I.Vernadsky). — Water: Technology and Ecology. 2007. No. 1, p. 63-68. 54. Dobrovolsky G.V. On the 80th anniversary of the book 'The Biosphere' by V.I.Vernadsky. Developing some important parts of the teaching on the biosphere. – Ecological Chemistry (Ekologicheskaya Khimiya). 2007, v.16(3), p.135–143. 55. Dobrovolsky G.V., G.S.Rozenberg, I.K. Toderas (Editors). Discovery of a New Type of Hazardous Anthropogenic Impact in Ecology of Animals and the Biosphere: Inhibition of the Filtration Activity of Bivalves by Surfactants. 2nd edition. Moscow. MAX Press. 2008. 108 p. 56. Dolgonosov B.M., Gubernatorova, T.N. A nonlinear model of contaminant transformations in an aquatic environment, 2005, Water Resources, 32 (3), pp. 291-304 [MAIK Nauka/ Interperiodica distributed by Springer. ISSN 0097-8078 (Print) 1608-344X (Online)]; Translated from ‘Vodnye Resursy’, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2005, pp. 322–336. 57. Dolgonosov B.M., Gubernatorova, T.N. Kinetics of the enzymatic decomposition of macromolecules with a fractal structure. - Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 2007, 41 (6), pp. 868-877. 58. Fauvet, G., Claret, C., Marmonier, P. Influence of benthic and interstitial processes on nutrient changes along a regulated reach of a large river (Rhône River, France). - Hydrobiologia 2001, 445, pp. 121-131. 59. Ferk F., Misik M., Hoelzl C., Uhl M., Fuerhacker M., Grillitsch B., Parzefall W., Nersesyan A., Micieta K., Grummt T., Ehrlich V., Knasmüller S. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB), two common quaternary ammonium compounds, cause genotoxic effects in mammalian and plant cells at environmentally relevant concentrations // Mutagenesis. 2007 22(6): 363-370. 60. Filippenko, V. N. Gravi- and chemotropisms of the primary maize roots when affected by lead and cadmium. - Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2001, Vol. 48; Number 1, p. 12-18. [Nauka/ Interperiodica Publishing, USA, ISSN 1021-4437(Print) 1608-3407 (Online)] DOI10.1023/A:1009082011029 (translated from: Fiziologiia Rastenii). 61. Fisenko A. I. A new long-term on site clean-up approach applied to non-point sources of pollution // Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2004, Vol. 156, No. 1-4, p. 1-27. 62. Fuchedzhi O. A., S. A. Konnova, A. S. Boiko and V. V. Ignatov Role of the clasping-leaved pondweed ( Potamogeton perfoliatus) polysaccharides in formation of its bacterial environment. – Microbiology [MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica distributed by Springer Science+Business Media LLC.; ISSN 0026-2617 (Print) 1608-3237 (Online)] 2008 Volume 77, Number 1, p. 84-89. DOI10.1007/s11021-008-1012-7. Translated from: 63. Fuchedzhi O. A., S. A. Konnova, A. S. Boiko, V. V. Ignatov. Rol' polisakharidov rdesta pronzennolistnogo v formirovanii ego bakterial'nogo okruzheniya. - Mikrobiologiya - 2008, Vol. 77, No. 1, P. 96-102. [MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica" Russian Academy of Science]. 64. Gaidin A. M. Formirovanie khimicheskogo sostava vody pri zatoplenii sernykh kar'erov. -Geoekologiya. Inzhenernaya geologiya. Gidrogeologiya.Geokriologiya - 2008, No. 2, P. 118-123. 65. Gifford, S., Dunstan, R.H., O'Connor, W., Koller, C.E., MacFarlane, G.R. Aquatic zooremediation: deploying animals to remediate contaminated aquatic environments. - 2007. Trends in Biotechnology 25 (2), pp. 60-65. 66. Glazovsky N. F. Change in the anthropogenic geochemical impact on the biosphere// GeoJournal [Springer, Netherlands ISSN0343-2521 (Print) 1572-9893 (Online)] 1990, Volume 20, Number 2, P.115-119. 67. Goldsmith F. B. Review: Conservation of Living Nature and Resources. - The Journal of Ecology, 1992. Vol. 80, No. 1, p. 186-187. 68. Grande, R., Di Pietro, S., Di Campli, E., Di Bartolomeo, S., Filareto, B., Cellini, L. Bio-toxicological assays to test water and sediment quality. - Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 2007, 42 (1), pp. 33-38. 69. Hernandez, I., Fernandez-Engo, M.A., Perez-Llorens, J.L., Vergara, J.J. Integrated outdoor culture of two estuarine macroalgae as biofilters for dissolved nutrients from Sparus aurata waste waters. – 2005, Journal of Applied Phycology, 17 (6), pp. 557-567. 70. Hernandez, I., Perez-Pastor, A., Vergara, J.J., Martinez-Aragon, J.F., Fernandez-Engo, M.A., Perez-Llorens, J.L. Studies on the biofiltration capacity of Gracilariopsis longissima: From microscale to macroscale. 2006. Aquaculture, 252 (1), p. 43-53. 71. Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability (Editors: AnnMari Jansson, Monica Hammer, Robert Costanza, Carl Folke, Sandra Koskoff); Publisher: Island Press. 1994. 520 p. [Series: Intl Society for Ecological Economics] [ISBN-13: 9781559633161]. 72. Jiang, J.-G., Shen, Y.-F. Estimation of the natural purification rate of a eutrophic lake after pollutant removal, 2006, Ecological Engineering, 28 (2), pp. 166-173. 73. Jhones C. C., L. Gama, L. Giddings, V. Rico-Gray, A. Velazquez. 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Kuznetsov O.L. (Editor) Ability of synthetic surfactants to decrease the filtering activity of bivalves (Diploma of Scientific Discovery No. 274). - Scientific Discoveries (Collection of short description of scientific discoveries – 2005) Мoscow. The International Academy of Authors of Scientific Discoveries and Inventions. 2006. P. 5-8. [ISBN 5-87499-062-8]. 79. Licciano, M., Terlizzi, A., Giangrande, A., Cavallo, R.A., Stabili, L. Filter-feeder macroinvertebrates as key players in culturable bacteria biodiversity control: A case of study with Sabella spallanzanii (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). 2007. Marine Environmental Research, 64 (4), p. 504-513. 80. Lobova T.I., Y.V. Barkhatov, L.Y. Popova. Antibiotic resistance of heterotrophic bacteria in Shira Lake: natural and anthropogenic impacts. - Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 2002. Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 11-18. 81. Makushkin, E.O., Korsunov, V.M. 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Geohimicheskaja ekologija zhivotnyh. – Moscow: Nauka, 2008; 113. Bussell, J. A., E. A. Gidman, D. R. Causton, D.Gwynn-Jones, S. K. Malham, M. L.M. Jones, B. Reynolds and R.Seed. Changes in the immune response and metabolic fingerprint of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus) in response to lowered salinity and physical stress. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2008, Volume 358, Issue 1, Pages 78-85. [doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2008.01.018] 114. Jiang, J.-G., and Y.-F. Shen. Estimation of the natural purification rate of a eutrophic lake after pollutant removal. - Ecological Engineering. 2006, Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages 166-173. [doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.06.002] 115. Safi K. A., J. E. Hewitt and S. G. Talman. The effect of high inorganic seston loads on prey selection by the suspension-feeding bivalve, Atrina zelandica. - Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 2007, Volume 344, Issue 2, Pages 136-148. 116. Pandey J., Chauhan A., Jain R.K. 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FULL TEXTS OF SOME OF THE PUBLICATIONS, and SHORT CONTENTS see at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_interactions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecosystems; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/276_New_threat_to_water_quality_discovery_of_the_new_important_type_of_hazards_from_pollution_Synecological_summation_of_effects_on_different_trophic_levels; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/255_Criteria_of_ecological_hazards_due_to_anthropogenic_effects_on_the_biota_Searching_for_a_system; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/262__The_Concept_of_Aquatic_Biota_as_a_Labile_and_Vulnerable_Component_of_the_Water_SelfPurification_System; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/241_innovative_concept_of_ecosystem_as_a_multifunctional_bioreactor_one_of_its_functions_is_upgrading_water_quality_ecosystem_service; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/180_A_new_type_of_effect_of_potentially_hazardous_substances http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/369_Vulnerability_of_Major_Plankton_Groups_Rotifers; https://www.researchgate.net/profile.ProfileBlogEntry.html?dbw=true&blogId=373; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/388_new_keys_to_prevent_pollution_eutrophication_algal_blooms; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/379_Underwater_Secrets_of_Global_Change; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/407_New_concept_of_ecosystem https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/410_New_Concept_of_Ecosystem; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/410_A_New_Concept_For_Ecosystems; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/ http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/ http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://sites.google.com/site/bioeffectsofsurfactants/ http://sites.google.com/site/surfactantinhibitfilterfeed02/ http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/ http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/359_How_to_establish_a_new_type_of_reserves_to_protect_aquatic_biodiversity_and_ecosystem_services; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=997c8c86899d5a6e24531054ad1bcd1e; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=e533be77c87735c6dcc5cfdb9db96cec; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/CPEC2008BasicsMolEcol.Mech.WaterQuali(0147.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/4Rivista.Biologia97p39Aquatic..Bioreactor.RTF; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RivistaBio96Priorities2.rtf; http://scipeople.com/users/2943391/ http://scipeople.com/group/334/ http://scipeople.com/group/334/topic/1485/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/409_most_cited_publications_by_Dr_SA_Ostroumov_in_English_available_online; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/466_The_Threat_of_Shampoo_to_the_Biosphere; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2010Nakoplenie.Preprint(Part.1.(BioshereEcotoxGeochem.doc; ADDITIONAL REFERENCES OF RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS see: http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsapublicationsineng/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/ http://sites.google.com/site/bioticupgradewaterquality2008/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsa/ http://sites.google.com/site/biochemicalecology/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsapublicationsruen/ http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-that-cited-saostroumov http://sites.google.com/site/biosphereostroumov/home http://sites.google.com/site/ecologytobemostcitedtomorrow/home http://sites.google.com/site/ecologytobemostcitedtomorrow/list-of-publications-by-sa-ostroumov http://scipeople.ru/users/2943391/ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/321_Discovery_of_the_system_where_chemical_pollution_could_impair_the_regulation_and_balance_in_the_abundance_of_phytoplankton_threat_to_ecological_stability_ ; POSITIVE EVALUATIONS of some of the results published by S.A. Ostroumov see in: Petrosyan V.S. Review of the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. - Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 2007. vol. 12, p. 117-119 (in English); Review of the book: Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. – Bulletin Samarskaya Luka. - 2007. - V. 16, № 4(22). - P. 864-867. Bibliogr. 10 refs. http://www.ssc.smr.ru/media/journals/samluka/2007/16_4_22.pdf; Review of the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. // Problems of Biogeochemistry and Geochemical Ecology. 2007. № 2 (4). p.108; Review of the book: S.A. Ostroumov. Biological Effects of Surfactants (2006). - Ecologica, 2008. v.15, No. 51, p. 71-72. (ISSN 0354-3285; in English); Review of the book: Ostroumov S.A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. – Toxicological Review [Toksikologicheskij Vestnik], 2009, No. 2, p. 40; POSITIVE COMMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS see: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecosystems; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Water_quality_Water_self-purification_role_of_biota/board/thread/4400_A_new_way_of_eutrophication_control?viewLast=true; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Water_quality_Water_self-purification_role_of_biota/board/thread/4412_want_to_be_part_of_you?viewLast=true; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Science_Communication/board/thread/4494_New_data_help_save_energy_and_effort_in_water_trea?c=16875#c16875; https://www.researchgate.net/group/Environmental_researches_malacology/board/thread/2179_Sewage_outfalls_into_water_courses?viewLast=true;

Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. // Hydrobiologia. 2002 (Feb). v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646. http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; Keywords: self-purification, filter-feeders, surfactants, detergents, benthic bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication, algal blooms, hazards of chemical pollution, water quality, phytoplankton, marine and freshwater invertebrates, clearance rate, biological effects of xenobiotics, pollutants ABSTRACT (A SHORT VERSION): Top-down control is an important type of interspecies interactions in food webs. It is especially important for aquatic ecosystems. Phytoplankton grazers contribute to the top-down control of phytoplankton populations. The paper is focused on the role of benthic filter feeders in the control of plankton populations as a result of water filtering and the removal of cells of plankton from the water column. New data on the inhibitory effects of surfactants and detergents on benthic filter-feeders (Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, Mytilus galloprovincialis, M. edulis, and Crassostrea gigas) are presented and discussed. Importance and efficiency of that approach to the problems of eutrophication and water self-purification is pointed out. Chemical pollution may pose a threat to the natural top-down control of phytoplankton and water self-purification process. The latter is considered an important prerequisite for sustainable use of aquatic resources. ABBREVIATIONS: CR - clearance rate; LAS - linear alkylbenzene sulphonate; NOEC - No observable effect consentration; QSAR – quantitative structure - activity relationship; SFG - Scope for Growth; SDS – sodium dodecyl sulphate; TDTMA - tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; TX100 - Triton X-100 ADDENDUM TO THE ABSTRACT (EXTENDED VERSION): 1. INTRODUCTION By definition, the organisms of the two adjacent trophic levels interact with each other so that the organisms of the higher trophic level may produce some effect on the organisms of the lower trophic level. If the latter are not too abundant, the effects of the organisms of the higher level lead to limiting, decreasing or stabilizing the populations of the organisms of the lower trophic level. These effects might be considered a control or a partial control of the organisms of the lower trophic level. Many examples of interactions of that type were studied in various natural and experimental systems (Table 1). The significance of top-down control attributes additional importance to studies of the grazing activity of crustaceans (e.g., Sushchenya, 1975; Gutelmaher, 1986), rotifers (e.g., Monakov, 1998; Bul’on et al., 1999), protozoan plankton (e.g., Bul’on et al., 1999), and benthic invertebrates (e.g., Alimov, 1981; Donkin et al., 1989, 1991; Zaika, 1992; Ogilvie & Mitchell, 1995; Widdows et al., 1995a, Widdows et al., 1995b; Newell, 1999), and other invertebrates (Monakov, 1998). In aquatic ecosystems, the problem of the control of the organisms of the lower trophic level (algae) is of outstanding importance because it is relevant to the problem of eutrophication. Also, control mechanisms are important in better understanding the problem of algal blooms, including the toxic algae blooms. To avoid over-simplification, we should realize that there are many factors that regulate the abundance of algal populations; top-down control is only one of them. Many species of invertebrates of both plankton and benthos belong to the higher trophic level as compared with algae and cyanobacteria of phytoplankton. As for zooplankton species and their filter-feeding activity, an important body of information was presented and analyzed in (Sushchenya, 1975; Gutelmaher, 1986). Filtering activity of benthic species has also been studied (e.g., Alimov, 1981; Ostroumov et al., 1997, 1998). In this paper we focus on some species of invertebrates of benthos, which are filter-feeders and in this capacity contribute to the top-down control of phytoplankton. 2. ROLE OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN FILTERING WATER AND RESULTING PHYTOPLANKTON GRAZING: FILTER-FEEDERS The diversity of benthic organisms that filter water and remove algal cell and other particulate matter is broad. Filter-feeders inhabit the bottom of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. To facilitate broader general conclusions, in this paper we will consider both freshwater and marine organisms. The range of filter-feeders includes sponges, polychaetes, molluscs, echinoderms, larvae of many insects, ascidians, and some other invertebrates. There are many examples of massive scale water filtering by benthos (e.g., Table 2; see also: Alimov, 1981; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999). It was shown that in some man-made reservoirs the total volume of water is filtered by benthic bivalves 2-24 times annually (e.g., Konstantinov, 1979). In a shallow lake in New Zealand the total volume is filtered during a time period of less than 2 days (Ogilvie & Mitchell, 1995). Equally massive filtering activity was discovered for the benthic sponges in the coastal waters of Lake Baikal which stores 22, 995 km3 of superb clean water (for comparison, the amount of the annual world consumption of freshwater was 3, 240 km3, and the annual freshwater withdrawal in Europe was 359 km3, in North and Central America 697 km3; the data for year 1987) (World Resources 1995-1995). As a result of water filtering, algal cells are removed from the water column. It is important that some filter-feeders (e.g., bivalves) remove more algae than they need for feeding purposes. Excessive amounts of algae biomass and other particulate matter are excreted in the form of pellets (to distinguish them from regular faeces they are called pseudofaeces) which are larger in size than the algal cells and therefore they settle to the bottom rapidly. The amount of pseudofaeces may exceed the amount of the assimilated food manyfold. As a result, the total activity of bivalve molluscs in removing algal biomass from the water column and in making water clearer is far beyond just the trophic needs of bivalves. The total weight of organic matter that is removed from a water column and deposited as bottom sediments is measured as high as kilograms per m2 per year. E.g., in the ecosystem of the man-made reservoir Volgogradskoe, the amount of the formerly suspended matter that was removed by molluscs from the water column and finally sedimented was 8.3 kg m-2 annually (Kondratiev, 1976; cited in Konstantinov, 1979). For the entire reservoir that is located in the center of the largest European river, the amount of sedimented matter was as high as 29 million tons. 3. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF XENOBIOTICS AND POLLUTANTS: A DECREASE IN WATER FILTRATION AND ASSOCIATED PHYTOPLANKTON GRAZING Man-made chemicals can produce strong inhibition of water filtering by benthic molluscs or impair the normal pattern of opening bivalves which is needed to maintain the efficient filtration of water. Some examples of those effects are given in Table 3. More examples could be found in literature (e.g., Stuijfzand, 1995; Ostroumov, 1998). The experiments were usually conducted using some phytoplankton species as the organism that is being removed from the water column during the filtration experiment. Thus, in experiments with bivalve Mytilus edulis, the algae Isochrysis galbana are often used (Donkin et al., 1997; Ostroumov et al., 1997; 1998). In our experiments with M. galloprovincialis (see below) we have observed a xenobiotic-induced decrease in grazing phytoplankton cells of Monochrysis lutheri and Dunaliella viridis. In our experiments with freshwater bivalves Unio tumidus and U. pictorum, we described some pollutant-induced inhibition of the removal of green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and cyanobacteria Synechocystis. The major part of our experiments were done in the laboratory. Under field conditions, it was described that in polluted habitats the biomass and vitality of bivalves declined (Zaika, 1992), which means that their contribution to water filtering is negatively affected. It was possible to develop an integrative parameter, Scope for Growth (SFG) which enables the scientist to estimate the total amount of energy available for the population of mussels for its growth and reproduction (after deduction of the amount of energy is lost during respiration etc.) (Widdows et al., 1995a, 1995b). It was shown that in terms of the entire populations, in polluted habitats the reduced filtration and reduced intake of energy from digested plankton (and seston as a whole) led to the fact that SFG was reduced. 4. MORE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES AND NEW DATA: INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS We have initiated a systematic study of the effects of another class of aquatic pollutants, namely surfactants, on the water-filtering activity of bivalves and on the resulting removal of algal cells from the water column. Among the various organic chemicals that are entering the natural environment in large amounts (Yablokov & Ostroumov, 1983, 1985, 1991), surfactants play a significant role (Ostroumov, 1986; 1990; 1991; 1994 a; 1994b; Marcomini et al., 1988; Quiroga et al., 1989; Granmo et al, 1991; Fernandez et al., 199; Lewis, 1991; Takada & Ishiwatari, 1991; Chalaux et al., 1992; Terzic & Ahel, 1993). It was shown that surfactants produce negative and sometimes also stimulatory effects on cyanobacteria (Waterbury & Ostroumov, 1994), green algae (e.g., Goryunova & Ostroumov, 1986), diatoms (Ostroumov & Maertz-Wente, 1991), plant seedlings (Ostroumov, 1986; 1990; 1991; Nagel et al., 1987; Maximov et al., 1988; Telitchenko & Ostroumov, 1990), shrimp (Drewa et al., 1988), Daphnia magna and D. pulex (e.g., Maki & Bishop, 1979; Martinez et al., 1989), freshwater amphipods (Pantani et al., 1995), rotifers (Kartasheva & Ostroumov, 1998), fish (e.g., Versteeg & Shorter, 1992; Malcolm et al., 1995). Some data on the effects of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk (Bressan et al., 1989; Marin et al., 1993), Mytilus edulis (Granmo, 1972) and some other marine benthic species (Marin et al., 1991) are available. However, almost nothing was known about the effects of alkylsulfates, nonionic surfactants (derivatives of nonylphenols), and some other surfactants as well as detergents on the filtering activity of Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, Unio tumidus, and U. pictorum. The purpose of the experimental part of this work was to obtain data on the effects of some surfactants and surfactant-containing products including detergents, on the ability of bivalves (M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, and U. pictorum) to filter water and remove algal or other cells from it. Freshwater mussels Unio sp. were collected in the Moscow River. Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected at the Black Sea. Crassostrea gigas were grown at a mariculture farm (the Black Sea, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas NANU). M. edulis were collected at the Exmouth estuary and kept in tanks with aeration , water flow and periodic automatic imitation of low tide (water was removed out of tanks for 3 h every day) (Dr. Donkin’s participation and help in the work with M. edulis is acknowledged). The temperature in experiments with M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas was mostly 22-27 C, in the experiments with Unio sp. 18-20 C. The cell removal and the cell density during the filtration by molluscs was measured using Hitachi 200-20 spectrophotometer (experiments with Unio sp.) and SF-26 (LOMO) spectrophotometer (experiments with M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas). In experiments with M. edulis (temperature 16 C), the number of cells per unit of volume was measured using the Coulter counter ( Coulter Electronics, model Industrial D). When a sample of filtered water without adding algae was used, the Coulter count was usually below 200. The clearance rate (CR) was calculated according to Widdows & Salkeld (1993) using the following equation: CR (l h-1) = (Volume of water e.g. 2 l) x (loge C1 -- logeC2)/time interval in h where C1 and C2 are cell concentrations at the beginning and end of each time increment (e.g. 0.5 h). Statistical analysis was performed using EXCEL software. For linear regression analysis, an option was used which gives an opportunity to fix the intercept at a predetermined value. Several chemicals were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (molecular mass 288.38) was purchased from Fluka. The purity was > 99% (assayed by GC, analysis number 332533/1 395). Triton X-100 (TX100) (x = 9-10 ethoxy units, H2O < 1 %, residue on ignition, 0.2%, analysis number 43306/1 795) was purchased also from Fluka. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA, molecular mass 336.4) was purchased from Sigma (St.Louis, Missouri, 63178 USA; lot 55H1322). Detergents used were available commercially. Results of the experimentation were as following. Freshwater bivalves, Unio tumidus and U. pictorum removed planktonic cells from water. The ability to do so was inhibited by surfactants of several types (Table 4), including TDTMA, and TX100 . A marine species, M. galloprovincialis, was also efficient in removing from water cells of phytoplankton and unicellular organisms in general. Several surfactants as well as detergents which contain surfactants inhibited this ability of M. galloprovincialis (Table 4). The chemicals tested included surfactants TDTMA, SDS, and several detergents, such as Tide-Lemon, Lotos-Extra, Losk-Universal. In experiments with M. edulis, after one hour of filtering, in the control set (clean water) the number of algal cells per unit of volume decreased to almost 5.6% of the initial level, which is a good example of how efficiently bivalves can control planktonic populations (Table 5). This is in accord with the large amount of data on the significant filtration rates of bivalves (Alimov, 1981; Monakov, 1998) and their impact on ecosystems (Zaika, 1992). In the important series of measurements, in the control beakers (filtration of unpolluted water) the number of algal cells decreased by a factor of 15.98, while in the beakers with SDS (1 mg l–1) the number of cells decreased by a factor of 7.93. Thus, the algal cell density in control was half that in the system at the initial concentration of 1 mg l–1. The difference increased by the end of the experiment. When the initial concentration of SDS was 2 mg l–1, a substantial difference from the control set was observed after the first half-hour period (Table 6). After 65 min of filtering, the algal cell density in the control set was almost 1/3 that contained in the system with SDS. Further increase of the initial concentration of SDS up to 4 mg l–1 caused a dramatic 3-times increase of the cell density over that in the control set after only 35 min of filtering. In 65-min of filtering, the difference was 6-fold, and following 95-min filtering - over 14-fold. At the initial concentration of SDS 5 mg l–1, the difference between systems with and without SDS was over 16-fold after 125 min of filtering. It was possible to calculate the clearance rate (CR), using a standard formula widely accepted in the literature ( Donkin et al. 1989; 1991; Widdows & Salkeld, 1993). The summary of the inhibitory effects shows, with a few exceptions, two general trends: 1) an increase in the initial concentration of SDS in the range of 0.5 to 5 mg l–1 gave rise to an the increase in the inhibitory effect on CR (Table 7); 2) at any given concentration of SDS, the highest effect took place during the first 30-min period, with some decrease in the inhibitory effect by the end of the experiment. The latter trend, however, was not paralleled by a mitigation of the effect on the residual algal cell density in the water. When the cell density was considered, the difference from the control was maximal by the end of the experiment. Using another chemical, a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, we obtained similar data with EC50 close to that of SDS (Table 8). At a concentration of 4 mg l–1, the inhibition of the clearance rate during the time period of 30 min after the beginning of the experiment was almost 10-fold, and during the later period of time, the inhibition was about 5-fold. The data obtained in our study showed that the filtering activity of mussels demonstrated a more sensitive response than some other biotests we had used in our experiments in bioassaying SDS, including green algae (Goryunova & Ostroumov, 1986) and plant seedlings (Nagel et al., 1987). The filtering activity of mussels was also more sensitive to SDS than some of the traditional lethal biotests with aquatic invertebrates and fish which had been applied for studies of LAS and alkyl sulfates (Sivak et al., 1982; Ostroumov, 1991). It is noteworthy that the inhibitory effect of SDS on CR was developed within a rather narrow range of SDS concentrations (1 to 5 mg l–1). That could be in accord with a hypothesis that the decrease in CR is at least in part the result of a behavioural response of mussels. Our data on effects of SDS are in good agreement with the results obtained by other authors who studied effects of another anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on filtering rate. It was shown that in experiments with exposure for 48 h and 96 h the filtration rate of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis was reduced when concentration of dissolved LAS was higher than 1.5 mg l–1 (Bressan et al., 1989). In our experiments the biotest was slightly more sensitive as we exposed the animals to the surfactant for 1.5 h prior to beginning measurements and observed some inhibition at the initial concentration of 1 mg l–1. Bressan et al. (1989) studied also effects of LAS on the growth of mussels and on mortality and spermatozoids of freshwater bivalve molluscs. They observed some decrease in the increment of length of the major axis of the shell of mussels at concentrations of LAS as low as 0.25 and 0.5 mg l–1, but the effect required up to 70 days to be observed. No significant effects were found within 30 days of their experiments. The length of time that was necessary to reveal the effect was a limitation of the technique, however it was impressive to observe almost a 2-fold decrease in growth when the chronic experiment with a relatively low level of LAS (0.25 mg l–1 ) lasted for 160 days and more. In a parallel experiment the same authors observed a 30% increase in the respiration of LAS-treated (220 days, 0.25 mg l–1 ) young mussels (Bressan et al., 1989). Unfortunately, they did not specify what they called young mussels. Some decrease in filtering rate was observed in another set of experiments when the concentration of LAS was 0.25 mg l–1 , but the duration of the surfactant treatment was much longer (220 days) than in our experiment, and the size of mussels was again not specified (Bressan et al., 1989). Also, they have shown that, at a concentration of 1 mg l–1, LAS inhibited the filtration rate after 7 days of exposure. It seems important that in our experiments we observed effects after only 1.5 hours of exposure to the anionic surfactant. The LC50 (48 h) was about 40 mg l–1 and LC50 (96 h) was about 1.7 mg l–1 (Bressan et al., 1989), which was much lower than in the case of freshwater bivalves Anodonta cygnea and Unio elongatulus. For the latter two species, LC50 (96 h) was about 200 mg l–1 (Bressan et al, 1989). The mobility of spermatozoa of A. cygnea was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of LAS equal to 20 mg l–1. Measurements of CR were used to quantify the toxic effects of chemicals and to study QSAR (Donkin & Widdows, 1990) for various chemicals, including alkanes and phenyl alkanes (Donkin et al., 1991) as well as such aromatics as toluene, naphthalene, n-propylbenzene, 1-chloronaphthalene, biphenyl etc. (Donkin et al., 1989). Two xenobiotics, including an organotin compound, inhibited the fitration rate by Dressena polymorpha and Crenomytilus grayanus (Mitin, 1984). The filtering activity of not only bivalves, but also of other filter-feeders is vulnerable to the inhibition by surfactants. In experiments with rotifers Brachionus angularis Gosse, we have shown that TDTMA inhibited their filtration rate and the removal of cells of Chlorella sp. from the water (Kartasheva & Ostroumov, 1998). At a TDTMA concentration of 0.5 mg l–1, the average efficiency of filtration was 58.5% of that in control. However important these kinds of studies of CR are, it is also important to consider the general consequences of a decrease in the CR for the ecosystem. The role of the filtering activity of mussels is connected with their high population densities. It was estimated that at Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, mussels represented about 77% (11 kg m -2) of the total community dry weight (Nixon et al., 1971), and numbers of the same order of magnitude were reported for other locations (Seed & Suchanek, 1992). Taking into account that, in our experiments, one mussel with a total wet weight about 8.5 g filtered over 1 L of water per hour, it is easy to estimate that, at high abundancy, a mussel community may filter over 100 L water per hour per 1 m2 of the sea bottom. A comparison of the tables for residual cell densities and CR for specific concentrations of surfactants shows that even a small decrease in CR produces a large difference in the residual cell density. The latter parameter may be considered as a model for any kind of particles which are being removed from the seawater by mussel filtering. In this way we may predict a huge decline in the natural ability of benthic communities to purify natural water when the water is polluted by surfactants as well as by other chemicals reducing the CR. Changes (inhibition) of the filtering activity of bivalves might have many consequences in changing many parameters and processes in ecosystems, which were considered in more detail in (Ostroumov et al., 1997; 1998; Ostroumov, 1998). Those considerations show that the inhibition of CR has consequences not limited by the prosperity of the mussel population, but that it is important for the state of the marine and estuarine ecosystems in much broader terms. Prospects of chemical-induced inhibition of water filtration by bivalves poses some ecological hazards in view of the role of bivalves in eutrophication control. The latter was studied in the case of the ecosystem of Chesapeake Bay (the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.) (Newell et al., 1999). 5. SENSITIVITY OF PLANKTON GRAZERS TO XENOBIOTICS - ANALOGOUS EVIDENCE FOR ZOOPLANKTON Analysis of the specific LC50 for Cladocera and various species of algae shows that in case of many pollutants Cladocera are more sensitive than algae. According to the data disseminated at the recent workshop in Netherlands (9-12 December 1999, Den Helder, TNO; participants of the research project: M. Scholten, R. Jak, B. Clement, E. Foekema, P.Hernandez, K.Kaag, H. van Dokkum, M. Smit), in the case of the following pesticides, species of Cladocera (mainly Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia) are more sensitive: anilazin, benomyl, bentazon, cyfluthrin, dimethoat, lindan, maneb, zineb, and ziram. In case of several pesticides, it was directly shown that the inhibitory effects on feeding were observed at lower concentrations, than the concentrations which induced mortality. EC50 (effects on feeding within 4-24 h) were lower than LC50 (24-48 h) for endosulfan, diazinon, methyl parathion, lindan, and dichlobenil (according to the data distributed at the same workshop). In case of atrazine, a concentration of 1.6 mg l–1 within 10 min produced 50% reduction in feeding, which shows again that feeding activity is inhibited at concentrations lower than those inducing mortality: LC50 (48 h) was 9.88 mg l–1. Also, NOEC (No observable effect concentration) was the basis for comparing sensitivities of Cladocera and various species of algae to pesticides. In case of the following chemicals a higher sensitivity of Cladocera was found: azinfos-methyl, cyromazin, diazinon, dimethoat, endosulfan, fenpropathrin, malathion, mecoprop, propoxur, trifluralin, and some other pesticides. All these data as well as the new evidence in the experiments conducted at TNO during the project led by Dr. M. Scholten (see Table 1) are in accord with the concept that pollutants may impair top-down control of algae. This conclusion is analogous to the conclusion made by us on the basis of our data for benthic filter-feeders. 6. SYNOPTIC OVERVIEW AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Some benthic organisms, including spongi, polychets, bivalves, echinoderms, larvae of insects, ascidia and some others proved to be efficient organisms in filtering water and thereby in reducing the amount of particulate matter suspended in the water. Benthic filter-feeders remove from the surrounding water various suspended particles including algal cells. By doing so, they contribute to natural mechanisms that keep algal populations under some control. That type of top-down control under some circumstances might become especially important. The problem of algal blooms in the context of eutrophication is increasing attention to all mechanisms of control of algal populations including the control by virtue of water filtering by benthic filter-feeders, including bivalves. Some pollutants were shown to be efficient inhibitors that decrease water filtering and resulting grazing phytoplankton. Those chemicals produced a decrease in removal of algae from water column by bivalves. The author initiated systematic studies of effects of surfactants and detergents on filtering activity and removal of algae by freshwater and marine bivalves. Marine and freeshwater bivalves Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and Unio sp. are efficient in removing unicellular organisms from water in result of their filtration activity. They are capable of drastically reducing the amount of cells of phytoplankton in water. This is an important mechanism contributing to natural control of algal populations in ecosystems. This regulatory mechanism is vulnerable to aquatic pollutants as exemplified by surfactants and detergents. New data are obtained and presented in this paper on how surfactants (anionic, non-ionic, and cationic ones) and surfactant-containing detergents inhibit the ability of marine and freshwater bivalves to remove cells of algae and cyanobacteria from water. On the basis of our new data, the final conclusion is that the new evidence support the views proposed in (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999; 2000c; 2000e) about the vulnerability of the filtration activity of invertebrates (both planktonic and benthic animals) to some pollutants, including surfactants. Our data and general conclusion are in accord with the idea that pollutants can induce reduction in grazing efficiency of benthic and planktonic invertebrates. We consider the studies of inhibitory effects of chemicals on fiter-feeders as an effective approach to elucidating the details of filter-feeding and associated removal of phytoplankton from the water column. The mechanisms and rates of plankton removal are of utmost importance for controlling levels of plankton which are the key parameters in processes of eutrophication and algal blooms. Water filtering activity of invertebrates is part of water self-purification in ecosystems. The self-purification of water is one of preconditions for the sustainable use of water resources. Therefore, the vulnerability of filter-feeders to aquatic pollutants (including surfactants and detergents) leads to a potential threat to the sustainable use of aquatic resources in situations when the ability of ecosystems to purify water is inhibited by pollutants. In sum, on the basis of the data presented here and in some of our publications (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999; 2000a; Ostroumov et al., 1997, 1998; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999), the following inferences are to be made: 1. Surfactants inhibit the filtering ability of marine and freshwater bivalves with a drastic effect on the amount of particulate material (modelled here by algal cells) left in the water. 2. When considering the environmental importance of surfactants and detergents (and of a broader range of xenobiotics and pollutants as well), the ramifications relevant to disturbance of the natural ability of the ecosystem to control phytoplankton populations should be taken into account. 3. Our new data are in accordance with the opinion (Ostroumov, 1990; 1991; 2000b; 2000c; 2000d; Telitchenko & Ostroumov, 1990; Yablokov & Ostroumov, 1991) that surfactants, if being discharged into the environment at substancial rates, might, under some circumstances and in some ecosystems, become more significant as environmental pollutants than it was thought before. 4. We make the prediction that many new examples are to be found of pollutants (both organic and inorganic) which inhibit filtration rate of filter-feeders (not only bivalves, but also other benthic and plankton organisms) and by doing so reduce the ability of invertebrates to control unicellular plankton populations. We predict that new examples are to be found of pollutants which inhibit the ability of invertebrates to control eutrophication. 5. Sustainable use of resources of aquatic ecosystems requires as an important pre-condition the efficient functioning of the ecosystems towards self-regulating and water self-purification. This pre-requisite includes normal functioning of top-down control excercised by the organisms at the higher levels of the trophic chains of ecosystems. 6. Studies of inhibitory effects of chemicals on the top-level organisms (e.g., grazers of plankton, including benthic filter-feeders) are a useful approach in obtaining information on the top-down control in trophic chains. LIST OF TABLES: Table 1. Top-down control in various natural and experimental systems (examples). Table 2. Water-filtering activity of benthic organisms in some ecosystems (examples). Table 3. Xenobiotics and contaminants that were shown to inhibit water-filtering activity of bivalves. Table 4. New data on the inhibitory effect of surfactants and products that contain surfactants on the filtration efficiency of bivalve molluscs. 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The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system (Kontzeptzija vodnoi bioty kak labil'nogo i ujazvimogo zvena sistemy samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 372: 286-289 (the Russian edition: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 372: 279-282). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000d. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 374: 427-429). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000e. Inhibitory analysis of regulatory interactions in trophic webs (Ingibitornyi analiz regulyatornykh vzaimodeistvii v troficheskikh setyah). Dokl. Akad. Nauk 375: 847-849. Ostroumov, S. A. & V. D. Fedorov, 1999. 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Lesprom Press, Moscow. 271 pp. Yablokov, A. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1985. Levels of Living Nature Conservation (Urovni Ohrany Zhivoi Prirody). Nauka Press, Moscow. 176 pp. Yablokov, A. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1991. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, Prospect. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 271 pp. Zaika, V. E., 1992. Long-term Changes in Zoobenthos of the Black Sea (Mnogoletnie Izmeneniya Zoobentosa Chernogo Morya). Naukova Dumka, Kiev. 247 pp. The paper was cited and suported (examples): The paper [Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal …S.A. Ostroumov - Hydrobiologia, 2002] was cited by: Water Quality of Effluent-dominated Ecosystems: Ecotoxicological, Hydrological, and Management Considerations. - Hydrobiologia [Springer Netherlands]; ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online); Volume 556, Number 1, 2006 (February). DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7; p. 365-379; Bryan W. Brooks 1 , Timothy M. Riley 2 and Ritchie D. Taylor 3 (1) Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA; (2) Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, 1124 Regal Row, Austin, Texas 78748, USA; (3) Department of Public Health, Centre for Water Resource Studies, Western Kentucky University, 1 Big Red Way, EST 437, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA; - - - -------------------- Medit. Mar. Sci., 8/2, 2007, 19-32; Mediterranean Marine Science; Volume 8/2, 2007, 19-32; Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece Y. CHATZINIKOLAOU 1, 2 and M. LAZARIDOU 1 1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Hellas; - - - - - Impact of Dam Construction on Water Quality and Water Self-Purification Capacity of the Lancang River, China. - Water Resources Management [Springer Netherlands], ISSN 0920-4741 (Print) 1573-1650 (Online), Volume 23, Number 9, 2009 (July). DOI 10.1007/s11269-008-9351-8; pp. 1763-1780; GuoLiang Wei 1, 2, ZhiFeng Yang 1, BaoShan Cui 1 Contact Information, Bing Li 2, He Chen 1, JunHong Bai 1 and ShiKui Dong 1 (1) State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China (2) Nuclear and Radiation Safety Centre, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China - - - ---------------------------------------- Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model Authors: N. R. Samal a; A. Mazumdar b; K. D. Joumlhnk c;nF. Peeters d Affiliations: a Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India; b School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; c Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany d Limnologisches Institut, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Published in: journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2009, pages 215 – 225 - - - - ------- Lake and Reservoir Management Bhatti, Zafar Water Environment Research [Water Environ. Res.]. Vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 2106-2154. Oct 2004. - - ------------------------------------- the examples were added on April 11, 2010.
Hydrobiologia. 2002. v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646.

Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050] http://scipeople.ru/publication/67657/; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; http://www.tilgher.it/(ekdo002s40etdh55stgyltvf)/index.aspx?lang=eng&tpr=4&act=abs&id=650; The currently accepted system of criteria for evaluating environmental and ecological hazards of man-made chemicals (pollutants) is vulnerable to criticism. In this paper, a new concept of the system of approaches towards criteria for evaluating the ecological hazard from man-made impact is proposed. It is suggested to assess the man-made impacts (including effects of pollutants and xenobiotics) on the biota according to the following four levels of disturbance in biological and ecological systems: (1) the level of individual responses; (2) the level of aggregated responses of groups of organisms; (3) the level of stability and integrity of the ecosystem; (4) the level of contributions of the ecosystem to biospheric processes. On the basis of the author's experimental studies, an example is given of how to apply the proposed approach and the system of criteria to the analysis of concrete experimental data. To exemplify the efficiency of the proposed approach, it is shown how to use it to analyze new data on effects of a synthetic surfactant on water filtering by bivalves. It is concluded that the proposed approach will be helpful in better assessing environmental and ecological hazards from anthropogenic effects on biota, including effects of man-made chemicals polluting ecosystems. The following key issues were presented and analyzed in the paper: 1. The traditional approach to classification of chemicals according to their environmental hazards. 2. A new approach to the analysis of hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. 3. An example of applying the new approach to the analysis of environmental and ecological hazards. The paper was cited by international experts, e.g., in the paper: R. Grande ; S. Di Pietro; E. Di Campli; S. Di Bartolomeo; B. Filareto; L. Cellini. Bio-toxicological assays to test water and sediment quality. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Volume 42, Issue 1 2007 (January), pages 33 – 38 [Affiliation of the Authors: Rossella Grande a; Stefania Di Pietro ab; Emanuela Di Campli a; Soraya Di Bartolomeo a; Barbara Filareto b; Luigina Cellini a; a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio,”, Chieti, Italy; b Agency for the Protection of Environment, Pescara, Italy] DOI: 10.1080/10934520601015446; http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a768424372&db=all; Keywords: environmental hazards, chemical pollution, man-made effects, anthropogenic impact, self-purification of water, filter-feeders, surfactants, detergents, bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, algae, water quality, water filtration, biological effects of xenobiotics, pollutants, bioaccumulation, toxicity, ecosystem stability, biota, criteria, biospheric processes, marine mussels, Mytilus edulis, bioassay, environmental science, ecotoxicology, 1. INTRODUCTION One of the important tasks in preventing and mitigating changes in the biosphere is to perform an objective analysis of the hazards of a great many man-made impacts and disturbances on the state of the biota (the world-wide diversity of ecosystems, populations, and organisms). The multitude, diversity, and scale of anthropogenic effects has been described and analyzed in a number of publications (e.g., Yablokov & Ostroumov [1983], [1985], [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]; Krivolutskii [1994]). This paper is based on such papers as well as on our previous publications (Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b ], [2001]). Studying the multiplicity of characteristics of anthropogenic factors affecting organisms and ecosystems (Flerov [1989]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]; Alimov [2000]; Wetzel [2001]), researchers try to identify and analyze the most important parameters and criteria characterizing negative anthropogenic effects (Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Krivolutskii [1994]), including the effects of chemicals (xenobiotics; pollutants) (Ostroumov [1986]; Filenko [1988]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva, [1991]). Currently the development and systematization of these criteria are far from completion. The aim of this paper is to contribute to developing approaches to improvement of a system of criteria of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota and to consider some new experimental data on the effects of surfactant xenobiotics on living organisms. 2. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS ACCORDING TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Approaches to establishing the criteria of ecological hazards of man-made chemicals have been developed in terms of the estimation of toxic contamination of ecosystems and assessment of effects of xenobiotics on organisms (e.g., Flerov [1989]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Filenko [1988]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva [1991]. The classification of chemicals according to their environmental and ecological hazards now accepted in the European Union is based on the following three criteria (e.g., de Bruijin & Struijs, [1997]). (1) Acute toxicity estimated from LC50 for the three groups of organisms: fish, algae, and daphnia. (2) Susceptibility of the substance to biological decomposition in water. This is determined with the use of laboratory tests under aerobic conditions. Substances are decomposed by microorganisms, and their decomposition is accompanied by oxygen consumption. If a substance is quickly decomposed (oxidized) by microorganisms, it is not considered to be hazardous to the environment. Exceptions are compounds with a high acute toxicity (with an LC50 less than 10 mg/l) and a high bioaccumulation potential (see the next criterion). (3) The substance’s capacity for bioaccumulation. This capacity is considered to be hazardously high if the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) is higher than 100, or the logarithm of the distribution coefficient of the substance in the octanol–water system (logPow) is higher than 3. A disadvantage of this set of criteria is an underestimation of other aspects of ecological hazards due to contamination of a water body with the given chemical, e.g., the hazard of a decrease in water O2 concentration due to oxygen consumption by microorganisms during oxidation of xenobiotics. Behavioral changes in living organisms because of interaction of the pollutant with their receptors (Flerov [1989]; Ostroumov [1991]) is also beyond the scope of this system of criteria. Behavioral changes may occur in the absence of bioaccumulation (i.e., when the substance is not hazardous according to criterion 3). Changes in behavior may result in migration of certain species from the ecosystem (emigration) and, hence, to a decrease in biodiversity. Therefore, more comprehensive sets of criteria should be developed. 3. A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF HAZARDS OF ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE BIOTA In some studies, anthropogenic effects on the natural environment were classified on the basis of the approach of considering the levels of biological organization (Yablokov & Ostroumov [1983]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1985]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]) . We suggest a new approach to developing a set of principles for the analysis of man-made effects (Table 1), in which anthropogenic effects on the biota are systematized based on the basis of a similar, but not identical approach (Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). A characteristic feature of the system of principles and criteria shown in Table 1 is the division of the multiplicity of anthropogenic effects into orderly groups according to four levels of biota disturbance. Most of the traditionally studied toxic effects (an increased mortality, ontogenetic disturbances, organ pathology, etc.) fall in the group corresponding to the level of individual and population responses (level 1). Alterations in primary productivity, water concentration of chlorophyll, etc., correspond to the level of aggregated responses (level 2). Alterations at the level of ecosystem stability and integrity (level 3) are important but have not been sufficiently studied. These are, among others, disturbances in the self-purification capacity of water systems (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov, [1998]), i.e., their ability to sustain the parameters of the aquatic environment. The last group (level 4) comprises alterations in the contribution of ecosystems to biospheric processes, including biogeochemical flows of chemical elements (C, N, P, and S). This approach agrees with the views of some other authors (Filenko [1988]; Stroganov [1976]) and is useful for developing a new, more adequate system of estimation and classification of anthropogenic effects, including environmental pollutants, with respect to ecological hazards. An important constituent of the proposed system for analysis of ecological hazards is estimation of hazardous effects on the stability and integrity of an ecosystem, e.g., the hazard due to weakening the relationship between plankton and benthos. If an anthropogenic effect weakens this relationship in a given ecosystem, the consequences are expected to be unfavorable [13] (Ostroumov et al. [1997]). An example of such a situation is the decrease in the water filtration rate and elimination of seston by some filter-feeding organisms, such as bivalves, because their filtration activity is one of the important mechanisms for maintaining the plankton–benthos coupling. It would be important to estimate the possible effect of pollutants on the molluscan filtration activity. Filtration of water and absorption of phyto- and bacterioplankton and other suspended matter by molluscs, as well as formation and excretion of fecal and pseudofecal pellets are important for processes occurring in an aquatic ecosystem (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2001]). Inhibition of filtration by pollutants (xenobiotics) may, in turn, induce other disturbances at several organizational levels (see Table 1) of the ecosystem. Examples of such disturbances are a decrease in water filtration by other hydrobionts, decrease in water transparency and the resultant decrease in penetration of photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet light, deterioration of the conditions for phytobenthos, excessive growth of phyto- and bacterioplankton, disturbances in the regulation of the composition of the algal–bacterial community, increase in detritus formation and siltage of benthic habitats, imbalance of the food web of phytoplankton consumers, decrease in the population growth of filter feeding organisms, decrease in the number of planktophagous larvae and deformation of the food web, and decrease in organic carbon deposition and concentration in bottom sediments (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2001]). 4. EXAMPLE OF APPLYING THE NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL HAZARDS An important question is whether surfactants, which heavily contaminate environment and have not been sufficiently studied with respect to possible effects on organisms, may suppress filtration (Ostroumov [1986]); Telitchenko, Ostroumov [1990]; Ostroumov [1998]). Data obtained in experiments on Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis and some other marine and freshwater molluscs indicate that synthetic surfactants may disturb the plankton–benthos coupling (Ostroumov [1998], [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). Some surfactants, such as a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100; an alkylphenol derivative), decrease the rates of water filtration and elimination of algae from water by mussels Mytilus edulis (Table 2). In the presence of 0.5 mg/l TX100, the concentration of algal cells after 90 min of filtration was 1092 cells per 0.5 ml of water versus 532 cells per 0.5 ml of water in the control sample (Table 2). In other words, an excess of algae as a result of filtration suppression was more than twofold (205%). If the TX100 concentration was increased to 2 mg/l, the concentration of algae after filtration was 2635 cells per 0.5 ml versus 556 cells per 0.5 ml in the control sample, i.e., the excess was almost fivefold (474 %). Thus, the inhibition increased with an increase in the surfactant concentration. These results are in excellent agreement with the data on the effects of other chemical compounds [13], including various surfactants, detergents, and other pollutants (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). Recently new similar results were discovered while studying effects of the cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimetyhylammonium bromide on marine mussels (Ostroumov, Widdows, in preparation). The system of criteria shown in Table 1 simplifies and systematizes the analysis of the ecological role and consequences of man-made disturbances of a given physiological function (in this case, disturbance of water filtration by molluscs). If we go sequentially from level to level, the suggested system will make it possible to follow the range of ecological consequences of a primary man-made disturbance at an individual level that manifests itself at higher levels of biological or ecological organization in an ecologically hazardous form. In the given example, the change in the organism’s physiological activity (water filtration) is the directly observable effect of the xenobiotic (surfactant). However, we can estimate the ecological hazards more accurately if we consider the processes occurring at level 3 (a decrease in the seston elimination from water and a decrease in the plankton–benthos coupling) and at level 4 (a decrease in the formation and excretion of the pellets formed from the algal cells that have been removed from water). Many other examples (Filenko [1988]; Flerov [1989]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva [1991]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]) confirm the usefulness and effectiveness of the approach proposed (Table 1) for the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. More detail is given in our books recently published (Ostroumov [2000a], [2001]) as well as in the experimental article (Ostroumov [2002]). 5. CONCLUSION The proposed level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic alterations in ecosystems allows the multiplicity of anthropogenic effects on the biota to be efficiently systematized. This approach may be used to develop new objective criteria for estimation and classification of ecological and environmental hazards produced by anthropogenic effects on the biota, including the hazards produced by man-made chemicals that pollute the biosphere. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to P. Donkin and N.N.Kolotilova for collaboration, V.I. Artyukhova, D.A. Krivolutskii, Yu.I. Chernov, V.A. Abakumov, and A.O. Kasumyan for fruitful discussion and comments on the material, to Prof. Peter Wangersky for helpful advice. This study was supported in part by the MacArthur Foundation. Collection of some data was supported by the EERO. REFERENCES Alimov A.F. [2000], Elements of Aquatic Ecosystem Function Theory. Nauka Press, St.Peterburg. 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Ostroumov, S.A., [1986], Vvedenie v biokhimicheskuyu ekologiyu (Introduction to the Biochemical Ecology), Moscow University Press, Moscow. –176 p. Ostroumov, S.A., [1991], Responses of test-organisms to a quaternary ammonium compound. Vodnye Resursy (Water Resources). 2: 112-116. (in Russian, with English abstract) Ostroumov S.A. [1998], Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258.13. Ostroumov, S.A., Donkin, P., and Staff, F., [1997], Effects of surfactants on mussels Mytilus edulis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universitteta. Serija Biologiya (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series Biology.) 3 : 30 - 36. (in Russian with English abstract). Ostroumov S.A. [2002], Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129. Ostroumov, S.A., [2000a], Biological effects of surfactants in connection with the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. MAX Press, Moscow. 116 p. Ostroumov S. A. [2000b], Criteria of Ecological Hazards Due to Anthropogenic Effects on the Biota: Searching for a System. Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 371: 204–206. (Translated from the Russian edition: Ostroumov, S.A., [2000] Doklady Akademii Nauk, 371 ( No. 6): 844–846). Ostroumov, S.A., [2001], Biological effects of surfactants on organisms. MAX Press, Moscow. 334 p. Stroganov, N.S., [1976], Obshchaya ekologiya. Biotsenologiya. Gidrobiologiya (General Ecology. Biocenology. Hydrobiology), Vol. 3: Vodnaya toksikologiya (Water Toxicology), VINITI Press, Moscow, pp. 5–47. Telitchenko, M.M. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1990], Vvedenie v problemy biokhimicheskoi ekologii (Introduction to the Problem of Biochemical Ecology), Nauka Press, Moscow. Wetzel R. [2001], Limnology. Academic Press, San-Diego et al. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1983], Okhrana prirody: problemy i perspektivy (Protection of Nature: Problems and Prospects), Lespromizdat Press, Moscow. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1985], Urovni okhranyzhivoi prirody (Levels of the Protection of Living Nature), Nauka Press, Moscow. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1991]. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends and Prospects. Springer Press, Berlin. Table 1. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota . (After Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001], with some modifications) Table 2. Amount of algae Isochrysis galbana in flasks containing mussels Mytilus edulis after 90 min of water filtration by the molluscs in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 (TX100, 0.5 mg/l). (After Ostroumov [2000b], with some changes).
Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; http://www.tilgher.it/(ekdo002s40etdh55stgyltvf)/index.aspx?lang=eng&tpr=4&act=abs&id=650;

Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia, 2005, 542: 275-286. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; www.springerlink.com/index/U21P83P0423J8714.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc ABSTRACT: On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filter-feeders in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others). The inhibition of the filtration activity of filter-feeders may lead to the situation previously described as that of an ecological bomb of the second type. Author formulated a list of some key functions that filter-feeders perform and in this way provide services to ecosystem. Inter alia, filter-feeders: (a) participate in the large-scale repair of water quality; (b) contribute to the reliability of the mechanism and stability of ecosystem; (c) may potentially contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity; (d) remove seston and excrete pellets, by doing so they are involved in 'ecological taxation': filter-feeders pay some ecological tax to the ecosystem; (e) contribute to acceleration (biocatalysis) of migration of elements; (f) contribute to the regulation of the metabolism of ecosystem. The paper was cited by scientists working in Canada, Australia, Russia and other countries. The main conclusions were confirmed by the other publications of the same author, see the book ‘Biological Effects of Surfactants’ (CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and sites: http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechanisms_of_improving_water_quality; References Achituv, Y. & M.L.Pedrotti, 1999. Costs and gains of porcelain crab suspension feeding in different flow conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 184: 161-169. Alimov, A. F., 1981. Functional Ecology of Freshwater Bivalves (Funktzionalnaja Ekologija Presnovodnykh Dvustvorchatykh Molluskov). Nauka press, Leningrad. 248 pp. Asmus, R.M. & H. Asmus, 1991. Mussel beds: limiting or promoting phytoplankton? Journal Experimental Marine Biology Ecology. 148: 215-232 Bacher, C., 1989. 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Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258. Ostroumov, S.A., 1999. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: stopping an ecological time bomb. Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ASLO, Waco, TX. Page 134. Ostroumov, S. A., 2000a. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system (Kriterii ekologhicheskoj opastnosti antropoghennykh vozdejstvij na biotu: poiski sistemy). Doklady Biological Sciences 371: 204-206 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 371: 844-846). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000b. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system (Kontzeptzija vodnoi bioty kak labil'nogo i ujazvimogo zvena sistemy samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 372: 286-289 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 372: 279-282). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000c. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 374: 427-429). Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a . Responses of Unio tumidus to a mixture of chemicals and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects (Reagirovanie Unio tumidus pri vozdeistvii smesevogo himicheskogo preparata i opasnost sinekologicheskogo summirovaniya antropogennyh vozdeistviy). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 380: 714-717. [Transl. into English and published: Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001, 380: 492-495]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Synecological foundation for the solution of the problem of eutrophication (Sinekologicheskie osnovy resheniya problemy evtrofirovaniya). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 381:709-712. [Transl. into English and published: The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001 381: 559-562]. Ostroumov S.A. 2001c. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton. Izvestia RAN. Seriya Biology (Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Biology Series). No.1: 108-116. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002a. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002b. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. Hydrobiologia. 469 (1-3): 203-204. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002c. 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Brachiopods in a natural bottom biofilter at the shelves and slopes in the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia. In: Kuznetzov, A.P. & O.N.Zezina (eds) Composition and distribution of bottom invertebrate animals in the seas of Russia and adjacent waters. Institute of Oceanology, Moscow: 52-60. TABLES: Table 1. Examples of the impact of fiter-feeders on the water column: clearance time. Table 2 . Some examples of diversity of taxons of benthic organisms involved in removing seston from water. Table 3. Effect of the increase in concentration of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the filtration rate and the amount consumed (C, % ) by rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus. Table 4. The ratio F: P in some groups of organisms. The ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. Table 5. The ratio F : (P+R) in some filter feeders (calculated by the author per 1 unit of energy spent on the sum of productivity and respiration). Table 6. Results of the ecological tax. Biosediments formation. Table 7. Contribution of various aquatic organisms to oxidation of organic matter in the ecosystem of central part of the Sea of Okhotsk (the period of time: the summer minimum of phytoplankton, the end of July - beginning of August). Table 8. Some chemicals that have an adverse effect on the filtering activity of the filter-feeders. As a result, the amount of suspended matter removed from the water by the filter feeders decreased. Therefore the amount of suspended matter left in the water was more than that in control. Abbreviations: LD1 (E) liquid detergent E; LD2 (F) liquid detergent Fairy; SD1 (L) synthetic detergent Lanza; SD2 (I) synthetic detergent IXI; SD3 (D )synthetic detergent Deni; SD4 (OMO) synthetic detergent OMO. Table 9. Some features of water-filtering biomachinery. Table 10. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. KEY WORDS: filter-feeders, suspension feeders, water quality, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity, filtration rate, liquid detergent; synthetic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS; tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide TDTMA, Triton-X100, biomachinery, xenobiotics, pellets, ecological taxation, particles, migration of elements, regulation, ecological hazards, anthropogenic impact, plankton–benthos connections (coupling), trophic, grazing, stability, biosphere, sedimentation, faeces, productivity, respiration, biomass, pseudofaeces, suspended matter, community, microzooplankton, zooplankton (non-predatory), zooplankton (predatory), zoobenthos, fish, mammals, birds, the level–block approach, Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, M.galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, sponge, Thenea abyssorum, M. chilensis, Polichaeta, Sabellidae; Sabella spallanzanii, Serpulidae, Spongia, Porifera, Spongilla lacustris, Ascidia, Ascidiella aspersa, Bryozoa, Plumatella fungosa, Cirripedia, Balanus crenatus, Mollusca, Ostrea edulis, Decapoda, Porcellana longicornis, Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiothrix fragilis; Corals, Alcyonium digitatum, Brachiopoda, Laqueus californianus, Diestothyris frontalis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, natural seston, Appendicularia, Doliolidae, Calanoida, Spongilla lacustris (sponge), Hyridella menziesi, Crassostrea virginica, Potamocorbula amurensis, Mercenaria mercenaria, Cerastoderma edule, Ciona intestinalis (ascidian), Lake Tuakitoto (New Zealand), North Inlet (South Carolina, USA), South San Francisco Bay, Narragansett Bay, Oosterschelde, Chesapeake Bay, Marina da Gama, Kertinge Nor, Denmark, Bay of Brest, France, AFDW - ash-free dry weight; LD - liquid detergent; SD - synthetic detergent (laundry detergent in the form of powder); ecosystem services, sustainability, man-made, freshwater, marine ecosystems, aquatic organisms, biota, habitat, surfactants, rotifers, role of organisms in the biosphere, functioning of ecosystems, benthos, ecology, limnology, oceanography, biosphere, hydrosphere, ecotoxicology, environmental toxicology
Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia 2005 (July), Volume 542, Number 1, p. 275-286