Course Titled: Environmental Problems and Sustainability. http://scipeople.com/publication/70030/; Lecturer: Serguei Ostroumov (Dr. Sergei A. Ostroumov) Institution: Moscow State University Country: Russia Site: http://web.ceu.hu/crc/Syllabi/alumni/envsci/ostroumov.html The course is intended to show the problems of the modern environment and importance of the fundamental concept of sustainable development. It is important to make a point in stressing the role of science in finding the solutions. The course is intended for the university students mainly of the 2nd and 3rd years of education but can be adapted for students of other years as well. The course can be included in the program of education of the students majoring in both science and humanities. The lecture course can be supplemented by the assignment of writing a course work on any relevant topic mentioned in the course. The course work can be focused on a scientific aspect of environmental change or on environmental law or on implementing environmental law and agreements. The course is structured into 9 blocks that are labeled below as 'parts'. Because the parts are of unequal size, they do not coincide with the division into lectures.

Most cited books and articles: environmental science. http://scipeople.com/publication/70028/; 1. Book: Conservation of living nature and resources: problems, trends, and prospects. A.V. Yablokov, S.A. Ostroumov. 1991. Publisher: Springer-Verlag. http://scipeople.com/publication/69671/ ; On the book: http://scipeople.com/publication/69894/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - 2. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification // Hydrobiologia. 2002. vol. 469. P.117-129. [Authored: S.A.Ostroumov]. 8 tables. Bibliogr. 71 refs. A step toward modernization of the contemporary understanding of how ecosystem functions and how it performs useful ecosystem services] (Springer Press, Dordrecht). ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online) DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646; http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2Hydrobiologia469p117w%20Addendum.DOC --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- - - - 3. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks // Hydrobiologia. 2002. v. 469 (1-3): P.203-204. [Authored: S.A.Ostroumov]. Bibliogr. 8 refs. ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online). [Selected elements of a new vision of the role of biodiversity in water purification and maintaining the natural purification potential of ecosystems, elements of the theory of water self-purification. Some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filter-feeders in ecosystems. The inhibition of the filtration activity of filter-feeders may lead to the situation previously described as that of an ecological impairment of the second type]. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/2H469p203.Polyfunctional.role.w.Addendum.rtf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. 91: 247-258. [Authored: S.A.Ostroumov]. According to one of the approaches to the definition of criteria for the phenomenon of life, the key attribute is the ability of the system for some self-regulating and self-supporting. Part of such holistic functions of aquatic ecosystems as self-regulating and self-supporting is their cleaning the water via a multitude of various mechanisms. This paper presented some fundamental elements of the theory of ecosystem self-purification which emphasizes the importance of the four functional biological filters that are instrumental in purification and upgrading the quality of water in aquatic ecosystems. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9857844?dopt=Abstract; PMID: 9857844 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]; http://scipeople.com/publication/69542/; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - DAN (Doklady Akademii Nauk), Vol. 396, 2004, No. 1, p. 136–141. [Authored: S.A.Ostroumov]. [System of elements of the theory of biotic maintaining the natural purification potential of ecosystems]. The paper was awarded the honorary Diploma from the Academy of Water Sciences (2006). In Russ., translated into Eng.: On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, V. 396, 2004, p. 206–211. (Translated from DAN, V.396, No.1, 2004, p.136–141). ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online). Distributed by Springer, orderdept@springer-sbm.com. DOI: 10.1023/B:DOBS.0000033278.12858.12; http://scipeople.ru/users/2943391/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; http://www.springerlink.com/content/t0nv6rk522230175/; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - 6. [book] Introduction to Biochemical Ecology. 1986. Moscow. Moscow University Press. 176 p. [Authored: S.A.Ostroumov]. Figures, tables. Bibliogr.: pp. 168-174.

Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050] http://scipeople.ru/publication/67657/; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; http://www.tilgher.it/(ekdo002s40etdh55stgyltvf)/index.aspx?lang=eng&tpr=4&act=abs&id=650; The currently accepted system of criteria for evaluating environmental and ecological hazards of man-made chemicals (pollutants) is vulnerable to criticism. In this paper, a new concept of the system of approaches towards criteria for evaluating the ecological hazard from man-made impact is proposed. It is suggested to assess the man-made impacts (including effects of pollutants and xenobiotics) on the biota according to the following four levels of disturbance in biological and ecological systems: (1) the level of individual responses; (2) the level of aggregated responses of groups of organisms; (3) the level of stability and integrity of the ecosystem; (4) the level of contributions of the ecosystem to biospheric processes. On the basis of the author's experimental studies, an example is given of how to apply the proposed approach and the system of criteria to the analysis of concrete experimental data. To exemplify the efficiency of the proposed approach, it is shown how to use it to analyze new data on effects of a synthetic surfactant on water filtering by bivalves. It is concluded that the proposed approach will be helpful in better assessing environmental and ecological hazards from anthropogenic effects on biota, including effects of man-made chemicals polluting ecosystems. The following key issues were presented and analyzed in the paper: 1. The traditional approach to classification of chemicals according to their environmental hazards. 2. A new approach to the analysis of hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. 3. An example of applying the new approach to the analysis of environmental and ecological hazards. The paper was cited by international experts, e.g., in the paper: R. Grande ; S. Di Pietro; E. Di Campli; S. Di Bartolomeo; B. Filareto; L. Cellini. Bio-toxicological assays to test water and sediment quality. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Volume 42, Issue 1 2007 (January), pages 33 – 38 [Affiliation of the Authors: Rossella Grande a; Stefania Di Pietro ab; Emanuela Di Campli a; Soraya Di Bartolomeo a; Barbara Filareto b; Luigina Cellini a; a Department of Biomedical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio,”, Chieti, Italy; b Agency for the Protection of Environment, Pescara, Italy] DOI: 10.1080/10934520601015446; http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a768424372&db=all; Keywords: environmental hazards, chemical pollution, man-made effects, anthropogenic impact, self-purification of water, filter-feeders, surfactants, detergents, bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, algae, water quality, water filtration, biological effects of xenobiotics, pollutants, bioaccumulation, toxicity, ecosystem stability, biota, criteria, biospheric processes, marine mussels, Mytilus edulis, bioassay, environmental science, ecotoxicology, 1. INTRODUCTION One of the important tasks in preventing and mitigating changes in the biosphere is to perform an objective analysis of the hazards of a great many man-made impacts and disturbances on the state of the biota (the world-wide diversity of ecosystems, populations, and organisms). The multitude, diversity, and scale of anthropogenic effects has been described and analyzed in a number of publications (e.g., Yablokov & Ostroumov [1983], [1985], [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]; Krivolutskii [1994]). This paper is based on such papers as well as on our previous publications (Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b ], [2001]). Studying the multiplicity of characteristics of anthropogenic factors affecting organisms and ecosystems (Flerov [1989]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]; Alimov [2000]; Wetzel [2001]), researchers try to identify and analyze the most important parameters and criteria characterizing negative anthropogenic effects (Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Krivolutskii [1994]), including the effects of chemicals (xenobiotics; pollutants) (Ostroumov [1986]; Filenko [1988]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva, [1991]). Currently the development and systematization of these criteria are far from completion. The aim of this paper is to contribute to developing approaches to improvement of a system of criteria of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota and to consider some new experimental data on the effects of surfactant xenobiotics on living organisms. 2. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS ACCORDING TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Approaches to establishing the criteria of ecological hazards of man-made chemicals have been developed in terms of the estimation of toxic contamination of ecosystems and assessment of effects of xenobiotics on organisms (e.g., Flerov [1989]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Filenko [1988]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva [1991]. The classification of chemicals according to their environmental and ecological hazards now accepted in the European Union is based on the following three criteria (e.g., de Bruijin & Struijs, [1997]). (1) Acute toxicity estimated from LC50 for the three groups of organisms: fish, algae, and daphnia. (2) Susceptibility of the substance to biological decomposition in water. This is determined with the use of laboratory tests under aerobic conditions. Substances are decomposed by microorganisms, and their decomposition is accompanied by oxygen consumption. If a substance is quickly decomposed (oxidized) by microorganisms, it is not considered to be hazardous to the environment. Exceptions are compounds with a high acute toxicity (with an LC50 less than 10 mg/l) and a high bioaccumulation potential (see the next criterion). (3) The substance’s capacity for bioaccumulation. This capacity is considered to be hazardously high if the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) is higher than 100, or the logarithm of the distribution coefficient of the substance in the octanol–water system (logPow) is higher than 3. A disadvantage of this set of criteria is an underestimation of other aspects of ecological hazards due to contamination of a water body with the given chemical, e.g., the hazard of a decrease in water O2 concentration due to oxygen consumption by microorganisms during oxidation of xenobiotics. Behavioral changes in living organisms because of interaction of the pollutant with their receptors (Flerov [1989]; Ostroumov [1991]) is also beyond the scope of this system of criteria. Behavioral changes may occur in the absence of bioaccumulation (i.e., when the substance is not hazardous according to criterion 3). Changes in behavior may result in migration of certain species from the ecosystem (emigration) and, hence, to a decrease in biodiversity. Therefore, more comprehensive sets of criteria should be developed. 3. A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF HAZARDS OF ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE BIOTA In some studies, anthropogenic effects on the natural environment were classified on the basis of the approach of considering the levels of biological organization (Yablokov & Ostroumov [1983]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1985]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]) . We suggest a new approach to developing a set of principles for the analysis of man-made effects (Table 1), in which anthropogenic effects on the biota are systematized based on the basis of a similar, but not identical approach (Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). A characteristic feature of the system of principles and criteria shown in Table 1 is the division of the multiplicity of anthropogenic effects into orderly groups according to four levels of biota disturbance. Most of the traditionally studied toxic effects (an increased mortality, ontogenetic disturbances, organ pathology, etc.) fall in the group corresponding to the level of individual and population responses (level 1). Alterations in primary productivity, water concentration of chlorophyll, etc., correspond to the level of aggregated responses (level 2). Alterations at the level of ecosystem stability and integrity (level 3) are important but have not been sufficiently studied. These are, among others, disturbances in the self-purification capacity of water systems (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov, [1998]), i.e., their ability to sustain the parameters of the aquatic environment. The last group (level 4) comprises alterations in the contribution of ecosystems to biospheric processes, including biogeochemical flows of chemical elements (C, N, P, and S). This approach agrees with the views of some other authors (Filenko [1988]; Stroganov [1976]) and is useful for developing a new, more adequate system of estimation and classification of anthropogenic effects, including environmental pollutants, with respect to ecological hazards. An important constituent of the proposed system for analysis of ecological hazards is estimation of hazardous effects on the stability and integrity of an ecosystem, e.g., the hazard due to weakening the relationship between plankton and benthos. If an anthropogenic effect weakens this relationship in a given ecosystem, the consequences are expected to be unfavorable [13] (Ostroumov et al. [1997]). An example of such a situation is the decrease in the water filtration rate and elimination of seston by some filter-feeding organisms, such as bivalves, because their filtration activity is one of the important mechanisms for maintaining the plankton–benthos coupling. It would be important to estimate the possible effect of pollutants on the molluscan filtration activity. Filtration of water and absorption of phyto- and bacterioplankton and other suspended matter by molluscs, as well as formation and excretion of fecal and pseudofecal pellets are important for processes occurring in an aquatic ecosystem (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2001]). Inhibition of filtration by pollutants (xenobiotics) may, in turn, induce other disturbances at several organizational levels (see Table 1) of the ecosystem. Examples of such disturbances are a decrease in water filtration by other hydrobionts, decrease in water transparency and the resultant decrease in penetration of photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet light, deterioration of the conditions for phytobenthos, excessive growth of phyto- and bacterioplankton, disturbances in the regulation of the composition of the algal–bacterial community, increase in detritus formation and siltage of benthic habitats, imbalance of the food web of phytoplankton consumers, decrease in the population growth of filter feeding organisms, decrease in the number of planktophagous larvae and deformation of the food web, and decrease in organic carbon deposition and concentration in bottom sediments (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2001]). 4. EXAMPLE OF APPLYING THE NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL HAZARDS An important question is whether surfactants, which heavily contaminate environment and have not been sufficiently studied with respect to possible effects on organisms, may suppress filtration (Ostroumov [1986]); Telitchenko, Ostroumov [1990]; Ostroumov [1998]). Data obtained in experiments on Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis and some other marine and freshwater molluscs indicate that synthetic surfactants may disturb the plankton–benthos coupling (Ostroumov [1998], [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). Some surfactants, such as a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100; an alkylphenol derivative), decrease the rates of water filtration and elimination of algae from water by mussels Mytilus edulis (Table 2). In the presence of 0.5 mg/l TX100, the concentration of algal cells after 90 min of filtration was 1092 cells per 0.5 ml of water versus 532 cells per 0.5 ml of water in the control sample (Table 2). In other words, an excess of algae as a result of filtration suppression was more than twofold (205%). If the TX100 concentration was increased to 2 mg/l, the concentration of algae after filtration was 2635 cells per 0.5 ml versus 556 cells per 0.5 ml in the control sample, i.e., the excess was almost fivefold (474 %). Thus, the inhibition increased with an increase in the surfactant concentration. These results are in excellent agreement with the data on the effects of other chemical compounds [13], including various surfactants, detergents, and other pollutants (Ostroumov et al. [1997]; Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001]). Recently new similar results were discovered while studying effects of the cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimetyhylammonium bromide on marine mussels (Ostroumov, Widdows, in preparation). The system of criteria shown in Table 1 simplifies and systematizes the analysis of the ecological role and consequences of man-made disturbances of a given physiological function (in this case, disturbance of water filtration by molluscs). If we go sequentially from level to level, the suggested system will make it possible to follow the range of ecological consequences of a primary man-made disturbance at an individual level that manifests itself at higher levels of biological or ecological organization in an ecologically hazardous form. In the given example, the change in the organism’s physiological activity (water filtration) is the directly observable effect of the xenobiotic (surfactant). However, we can estimate the ecological hazards more accurately if we consider the processes occurring at level 3 (a decrease in the seston elimination from water and a decrease in the plankton–benthos coupling) and at level 4 (a decrease in the formation and excretion of the pellets formed from the algal cells that have been removed from water). Many other examples (Filenko [1988]; Flerov [1989]; Telitchenko & Ostroumov [1990]; Malakhov & Medvedeva [1991]; Yablokov & Ostroumov [1991]; Bezel’ et al [1994]) confirm the usefulness and effectiveness of the approach proposed (Table 1) for the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. More detail is given in our books recently published (Ostroumov [2000a], [2001]) as well as in the experimental article (Ostroumov [2002]). 5. CONCLUSION The proposed level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic alterations in ecosystems allows the multiplicity of anthropogenic effects on the biota to be efficiently systematized. This approach may be used to develop new objective criteria for estimation and classification of ecological and environmental hazards produced by anthropogenic effects on the biota, including the hazards produced by man-made chemicals that pollute the biosphere. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to P. Donkin and N.N.Kolotilova for collaboration, V.I. Artyukhova, D.A. Krivolutskii, Yu.I. Chernov, V.A. Abakumov, and A.O. Kasumyan for fruitful discussion and comments on the material, to Prof. Peter Wangersky for helpful advice. This study was supported in part by the MacArthur Foundation. Collection of some data was supported by the EERO. REFERENCES Alimov A.F. [2000], Elements of Aquatic Ecosystem Function Theory. Nauka Press, St.Peterburg. Bezel’, V.S., Bol’shakov, V.N., and Vorobeichik, E.L., [1994], Populyatsionnaya ekotoksikologiya (Population Ecotoxicology), Nauka Press, Moscow. de Bruijn, J. and Struijs, J., [1997], Biodegradation in chemical substances policy. Biodegradation Kinetics, Brussels: SETAC-Europe, pp. 33–45. Filenko, O.F., [1988], Vodnaya toksikologiya (Water Toxicology), Moscow University Press, Chernogolovka. Flerov, B.A., [1989], Ekologo-fiziologicheskie aspekty toksikologi presnovodnykh zhivotnykh (Ecological and Physiological Aspects of Toxicology in Freshwater Animals), Nauka Press, Leningrad. Krivolutskii, D.A., [1994], Pochvennaya fauna v ekotoksikologicheskom kontrole (Soil Fauna in the Ecological Control), Nauka Press, Moscow. Malakhov, V.V. and Medvedeva, L.A., [1991], Embrional’noe razvitie dvustvorchatykh mollyuskov v norme i pri vozdeistvii tyazhelykh metallov (Embryonic Development of Bivalve Mollusks in the Norm and under Exposure to Heavy Metals), Nauka Press, Moscow. Ostroumov, S.A., [1986], Vvedenie v biokhimicheskuyu ekologiyu (Introduction to the Biochemical Ecology), Moscow University Press, Moscow. –176 p. Ostroumov, S.A., [1991], Responses of test-organisms to a quaternary ammonium compound. Vodnye Resursy (Water Resources). 2: 112-116. (in Russian, with English abstract) Ostroumov S.A. [1998], Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258.13. Ostroumov, S.A., Donkin, P., and Staff, F., [1997], Effects of surfactants on mussels Mytilus edulis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universitteta. Serija Biologiya (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series Biology.) 3 : 30 - 36. (in Russian with English abstract). Ostroumov S.A. [2002], Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129. Ostroumov, S.A., [2000a], Biological effects of surfactants in connection with the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. MAX Press, Moscow. 116 p. Ostroumov S. A. [2000b], Criteria of Ecological Hazards Due to Anthropogenic Effects on the Biota: Searching for a System. Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 371: 204–206. (Translated from the Russian edition: Ostroumov, S.A., [2000] Doklady Akademii Nauk, 371 ( No. 6): 844–846). Ostroumov, S.A., [2001], Biological effects of surfactants on organisms. MAX Press, Moscow. 334 p. Stroganov, N.S., [1976], Obshchaya ekologiya. Biotsenologiya. Gidrobiologiya (General Ecology. Biocenology. Hydrobiology), Vol. 3: Vodnaya toksikologiya (Water Toxicology), VINITI Press, Moscow, pp. 5–47. Telitchenko, M.M. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1990], Vvedenie v problemy biokhimicheskoi ekologii (Introduction to the Problem of Biochemical Ecology), Nauka Press, Moscow. Wetzel R. [2001], Limnology. Academic Press, San-Diego et al. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1983], Okhrana prirody: problemy i perspektivy (Protection of Nature: Problems and Prospects), Lespromizdat Press, Moscow. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1985], Urovni okhranyzhivoi prirody (Levels of the Protection of Living Nature), Nauka Press, Moscow. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1991]. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends and Prospects. Springer Press, Berlin. Table 1. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota . (After Ostroumov [2000a], [2000b], [2001], with some modifications) Table 2. Amount of algae Isochrysis galbana in flasks containing mussels Mytilus edulis after 90 min of water filtration by the molluscs in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 (TX100, 0.5 mg/l). (After Ostroumov [2000b], with some changes).
Ostroumov S. A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. [ISSN 0035-6050] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; http://www.tilgher.it/(ekdo002s40etdh55stgyltvf)/index.aspx?lang=eng&tpr=4&act=abs&id=650;

Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia, 2005, 542: 275-286. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; www.springerlink.com/index/U21P83P0423J8714.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc ABSTRACT: On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filter-feeders in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others). The inhibition of the filtration activity of filter-feeders may lead to the situation previously described as that of an ecological bomb of the second type. Author formulated a list of some key functions that filter-feeders perform and in this way provide services to ecosystem. Inter alia, filter-feeders: (a) participate in the large-scale repair of water quality; (b) contribute to the reliability of the mechanism and stability of ecosystem; (c) may potentially contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity; (d) remove seston and excrete pellets, by doing so they are involved in 'ecological taxation': filter-feeders pay some ecological tax to the ecosystem; (e) contribute to acceleration (biocatalysis) of migration of elements; (f) contribute to the regulation of the metabolism of ecosystem. The paper was cited by scientists working in Canada, Australia, Russia and other countries. The main conclusions were confirmed by the other publications of the same author, see the book ‘Biological Effects of Surfactants’ (CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and sites: http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechanisms_of_improving_water_quality; References Achituv, Y. & M.L.Pedrotti, 1999. Costs and gains of porcelain crab suspension feeding in different flow conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 184: 161-169. Alimov, A. F., 1981. Functional Ecology of Freshwater Bivalves (Funktzionalnaja Ekologija Presnovodnykh Dvustvorchatykh Molluskov). Nauka press, Leningrad. 248 pp. Asmus, R.M. & H. Asmus, 1991. Mussel beds: limiting or promoting phytoplankton? Journal Experimental Marine Biology Ecology. 148: 215-232 Bacher, C., 1989. Capacité trophique du bassin de Marennes-Oléron: couplage d'un modele de transport particulaire et d'un modele de croissance de l'huitre Crassosrea gigas. Aquatic Living Resources. 48:199-214. Ball, B., R.Raine & D.Douglas, 1997. Phytoplankton and particulate matter in Carlingford Lough, Ireland: an assessment of food availability and the impact of bivalve culture. Estuaries. 20: 430-440. Bern, L., 1987. Zooplankton grazing on [methyl-3H]thymidine-labelled natural particle assemblages: determination of filtering rates and food selectivity. Freshwater Biology. 17: 151-159. Cloern, J., 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San francisco Bay? Marine Ecology Progress Series. 9: 191-202. Dame, R., D. Bushek & T. Prins, 2001. Benthic suspension feeders as determinants of ecosystem structure and function in shallow coastal waters . Ecological Studies. 151: 11-37. Dame, R., N. Dankers, T. Prins, H. Jongsma & A. Smaal, 1991. The influence of mussel beds on nutrients in the Western Wadden Sea and Eastern Scheldt estuaries. Estuaries. 14: 130-138. Dame, R., R. Zingmark, H. Stevenson & D. Nelson, 1980. Filter feeding coupling between the water column and benthic systems. In: Kennedy V. (Editor) Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, New York: 521-526. Davies, B., V.Stuart & M. de Villiers, 1989. The filtration activity of a serpulid polychaete population (Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) and its effects on water quality in a coastal marina. Estuary Coast Shelf Science. 29: 613-620. Donkin, P., J. Widdows, S. V. Evans, F. Staff & T. Yan, 1997. Effects of neurotoxic pesticides on the feeding rate of marine mussels Mytilus edulis. Pesticide Science. 49: 196-209. Frost, T. 1978. Impact of the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris on a Sphagnum bog-pond. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 20: 2368-2371. Frost, T., 1980. Clearance rate determination for the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris: effects of temperature, particle type and concentration, and sponge size. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 90: 330-356. Gutelmaher, B. L., 1986. Metabolism of Plankton as the Whole (Metabolizm Planktona Kak Edinogo Tzelogo). Nauka, Leningrad. 156 pp. Hily, C., 1991. Is the activity of benthic suspension feeders a factor controlling water quality in the Bay of Brest? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 69: 179-188. Jaramillo E., Bertran C., Bravo A. 1992. Mussel biodeposition in an estuary in southern Chile. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 82: 85-94. Kartasheva, N. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1998. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (tetradetziltrimetilammonij bromid). Toxicological Bulletin (Toksikologicheskii Vestnik). 5: 30-32. Kautsky N., Evans S. 1987. Role of biodeposition by Mytilus edulis in the circulation of matter and nutrients in a Baltic coastal ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 38: 201-212. 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Effect of some environmental factors on the water-clearing activity of bivalves. Summary of Ph.D. Thesis, Moscow. 22 pp. Monakov, A. V., 1998. Feeding of Freshwater Invertebrates (Pitanie Presnovodnykh Bespozonochnykh). Institute of Ecological and Evolutionary Problems, Moscow. 320 pp. Newell, R., 1988. Ecological changes in Chesapeake Bay: are they the result of overharvesting the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica? Understanding the estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Proceedings of a Conference. 29-31 March 1988. Baltimore, Maryland.- Chesapeake Research Consortium Publication 129: 536-546. Ogilvie, S. & S. Mitchell, 1995. A model of mussel filtration in a shallow New Zealand lake, with reference to eutrophication control. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 133(4): 471-482. Ostroumov, S. A., 1998. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258. Ostroumov, S.A., 1999. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: stopping an ecological time bomb. Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ASLO, Waco, TX. Page 134. Ostroumov, S. A., 2000a. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system (Kriterii ekologhicheskoj opastnosti antropoghennykh vozdejstvij na biotu: poiski sistemy). Doklady Biological Sciences 371: 204-206 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 371: 844-846). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000b. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system (Kontzeptzija vodnoi bioty kak labil'nogo i ujazvimogo zvena sistemy samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 372: 286-289 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 372: 279-282). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000c. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 374: 427-429). Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a . Responses of Unio tumidus to a mixture of chemicals and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects (Reagirovanie Unio tumidus pri vozdeistvii smesevogo himicheskogo preparata i opasnost sinekologicheskogo summirovaniya antropogennyh vozdeistviy). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 380: 714-717. [Transl. into English and published: Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001, 380: 492-495]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Synecological foundation for the solution of the problem of eutrophication (Sinekologicheskie osnovy resheniya problemy evtrofirovaniya). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 381:709-712. [Transl. into English and published: The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001 381: 559-562]. Ostroumov S.A. 2001c. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton. Izvestia RAN. Seriya Biology (Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Biology Series). No.1: 108-116. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002a. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002b. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. Hydrobiologia. 469 (1-3): 203-204. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002c. Biodiversity and water quality: the role of feed-backs (Sokhranenie bioraznoobrziya i kachestvo vody: rol obrantykh svyazej v ekosistemakh) Doklady Akademii Nauk. 382: 138-141. [Translated into English and published: Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002 382: 18-21]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2003a. Studying effects of some surfactants and detergents on filter-feeding bivalves. Hydrobiology. 500: 341-344. Ostroumov, S.A., 2003b. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Bilogia / Biology Forum. 96: 159-169. Ostroumov, S.A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1997. Inhibition by the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, of the ability of mussels Mytilus edulis to filter and purify the sea water (Anionnoje poverkhnostno-aktivnoje veshchestvo inghibirujet sposobnost' midij filtrovat' i ochishchat' morskuju vodu). 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[Transl. into English and published: Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences) 2003, 390: 252-255]. Petersen, J. & H.U.Riisgård, 1992. Filtration capacity of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and its grazing impact in a shallow fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 88: 9-17. Pilson, M., 1985. On the residence time of water in Narragansett Bay. Estuaries. 8: 2-14. Rose, R., M. Warne & L. Lim, 2003. Exposure to chemicals exuded by fish reduces the filtration and ingestion rates of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia. Hydrobiologia. 501: 215-217. Smaal, A.C., J.Verhagen, J.Coosen & H. Haas, 1986. Interactions between seston quantity and quality and benthic feeders in the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands. Ophelia. 26: 385-399. Sorokin, Yu.A., P.Yu.Sorokin, T.I. Mamaeva & O.V. Sorokina, 1997. The Sea of Okhotsk bacterioplankton and planktonic ciliates. In Sapozhnikov, V.V. (Ed.) Complex studies of ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. VNIRO Press, Moscow: 210-216. Shulman, G.E. & G.A. Finenko, 1990. 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Page, 1993. Effects of tributyltin and dibutyltin on the physiological energetics of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research. 35: 233-249. Widdows, J., M.Brinsley, P.Salkeld & M.Elliott, 1998. Use of annular flumes to determine the influence of current vedlocity and bivalves on material flux at the sediment-water interface. Estuaries. 21 (4A): 552-559. Witte, U., T.Brattegard, G.Graf & B.Springer, 1997. Particle capture and depostion by deep-sea sponges from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 154: 241-252. Yablokov, A. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1991. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, Prospect. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 271 pp. Zankai, N. , 1979. Jahreszeitliche Änderung der Filtrierrate der Copepoden Eudiaptomus gracilis (G.O.Sars) im Balaton-See. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 20: 2551-2555. Zezina, O.N. , 1997. Brachiopods in a natural bottom biofilter at the shelves and slopes in the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia. In: Kuznetzov, A.P. & O.N.Zezina (eds) Composition and distribution of bottom invertebrate animals in the seas of Russia and adjacent waters. Institute of Oceanology, Moscow: 52-60. TABLES: Table 1. Examples of the impact of fiter-feeders on the water column: clearance time. Table 2 . Some examples of diversity of taxons of benthic organisms involved in removing seston from water. Table 3. Effect of the increase in concentration of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the filtration rate and the amount consumed (C, % ) by rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus. Table 4. The ratio F: P in some groups of organisms. The ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. Table 5. The ratio F : (P+R) in some filter feeders (calculated by the author per 1 unit of energy spent on the sum of productivity and respiration). Table 6. Results of the ecological tax. Biosediments formation. Table 7. Contribution of various aquatic organisms to oxidation of organic matter in the ecosystem of central part of the Sea of Okhotsk (the period of time: the summer minimum of phytoplankton, the end of July - beginning of August). Table 8. Some chemicals that have an adverse effect on the filtering activity of the filter-feeders. As a result, the amount of suspended matter removed from the water by the filter feeders decreased. Therefore the amount of suspended matter left in the water was more than that in control. Abbreviations: LD1 (E) liquid detergent E; LD2 (F) liquid detergent Fairy; SD1 (L) synthetic detergent Lanza; SD2 (I) synthetic detergent IXI; SD3 (D )synthetic detergent Deni; SD4 (OMO) synthetic detergent OMO. Table 9. Some features of water-filtering biomachinery. Table 10. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. KEY WORDS: filter-feeders, suspension feeders, water quality, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity, filtration rate, liquid detergent; synthetic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS; tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide TDTMA, Triton-X100, biomachinery, xenobiotics, pellets, ecological taxation, particles, migration of elements, regulation, ecological hazards, anthropogenic impact, plankton–benthos connections (coupling), trophic, grazing, stability, biosphere, sedimentation, faeces, productivity, respiration, biomass, pseudofaeces, suspended matter, community, microzooplankton, zooplankton (non-predatory), zooplankton (predatory), zoobenthos, fish, mammals, birds, the level–block approach, Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, M.galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, sponge, Thenea abyssorum, M. chilensis, Polichaeta, Sabellidae; Sabella spallanzanii, Serpulidae, Spongia, Porifera, Spongilla lacustris, Ascidia, Ascidiella aspersa, Bryozoa, Plumatella fungosa, Cirripedia, Balanus crenatus, Mollusca, Ostrea edulis, Decapoda, Porcellana longicornis, Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiothrix fragilis; Corals, Alcyonium digitatum, Brachiopoda, Laqueus californianus, Diestothyris frontalis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, natural seston, Appendicularia, Doliolidae, Calanoida, Spongilla lacustris (sponge), Hyridella menziesi, Crassostrea virginica, Potamocorbula amurensis, Mercenaria mercenaria, Cerastoderma edule, Ciona intestinalis (ascidian), Lake Tuakitoto (New Zealand), North Inlet (South Carolina, USA), South San Francisco Bay, Narragansett Bay, Oosterschelde, Chesapeake Bay, Marina da Gama, Kertinge Nor, Denmark, Bay of Brest, France, AFDW - ash-free dry weight; LD - liquid detergent; SD - synthetic detergent (laundry detergent in the form of powder); ecosystem services, sustainability, man-made, freshwater, marine ecosystems, aquatic organisms, biota, habitat, surfactants, rotifers, role of organisms in the biosphere, functioning of ecosystems, benthos, ecology, limnology, oceanography, biosphere, hydrosphere, ecotoxicology, environmental toxicology
Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia 2005 (July), Volume 542, Number 1, p. 275-286

Ostroumov S.A. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001. Vol. 379, P. 341-343. 4 tables. Bibliogr.12 refs. (Translated from DAN 2001. Vol. 379. P.136-138). ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online). PMID: 12918370 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. The paper presents and analyzes new experimental data on the effects of chemical pollution of aquatic medium on the abundance of unicellular plankton organisms. The following 6 types of effects of filter-feeders and chemical pollutants [surfactants and detergents (mixtures)] on phytoplankton organisms were found (examples were given in this paper in Tab.2): (1) Inhibition of growth (and abundance); (2) Growth stimulation in the presence of surfactants and detergents; (3) Decrease in abundance as a result of elimination of plankton cells from water by the freshwater mollusks Unio tumidus and rotifers; (4) Abundance decrease as a result of water filtration by the marine mollusks Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and Crassostrea gigas; (5) Decrease in the efficiency of cell elimination from water caused by the TX-100-induced (5 mg/l) inhibition of the filtration activity of the freshwater mollusks U. tumidus; (6) Decrease in the efficiency of cell elimination from water as a result of inhibition of the filtration activity of the marine mollusks Mytilus galloprovincialis and Crassostrea gigas induced by surfactants and Avon Herbal Care (hair shampoo). A new parameter and formula is suggested: the efficiency of cell elimination from water, ECE. The following maximum values of ECE were found (at the concentrations of the chemical, mg/l, in brackets): (1) Detergent OMO, Unio tumidus, 186.7 (50); (2) Detergent Losk-Universal, Mytilus galloprovincialis, 551.7 (7); (3) Detergent Tide-Lemon, Mytilus galloprovincialis, 206.9 (50); (4) Detergent IXI, M. galloprovincialis, 157.8 (10); (5) Detergent Deni-Automat, Crassostrea gigas, 10 800.0 (30); (6) Detergent Lanza, Crassostrea gigas, 261.7 (20); (7) Detergent Vesna-Delikat, Crassostrea gigas, 200.0 (1); The tables in the paper: Factors of regulation of unicellular plankton abundance (Tab.1); effects of surfactants and detergents on phytoplankton abundance (Tab.2); 7 detergents inhibit filtration of 3 species of marine and freshwater molluscs (Tab.3); Mytilus galloprovincialis eliminates from water the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and algae Pavlova lutheri = M. lutheri as a result of filtration (comparing the 2 processes at the same time, Tab. 4). The results obtained in this work demonstrated and proved that certain pollutants might cause a substantial imbalance of the factors controlling unicellular plankton populations. Direct and indirect (mediated by organisms-consumers) effects of certain surfactant-containing mixtures on unicellular plankton could sum with each other, giving rise to mutual amplification. This may cause a complete imbalance of the system. The conclusions made in this work may be applied to unicellular plankton of both marine and freshwater ecosystems, including ecosystems subjected to eutrophication. The results contribute to issues of environmental safety and resource use sustainability. DOI 10.1023/A:1011600213221; www.springerlink.com/index/QGJ756467J2R7470.pdf
Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001. Vol. 379, P. 341-343

Остроумов С.А. Элементы теории биоконтроля качества воды: фактор экологической безопасности источников водоснабжения (=Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water) // Химическая и биологическая безопасность. 2008. № 5-6. с.36-39. Библиогр. 22 назв. [http://www.cbsafety.ru/rus/saf_41_3.asp] УДК 574.6: 574.635: 602.7: 626. 119234, Москва, Ленгоры, Московский гос. университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, биологический факультет. РЕФЕРАТ: Представлена новая теория биомеханизмов самоочищения воды, изложенная в книге автора «Гидробионты в самоочищении вод и биогенной миграции элементов» (М.: МАКС Пресс, 2008, 200 с.). Гидробионты активно участвуют в процессах, ведущих к очищению воды. В них участвуют почти все группы живых организмов, что анализируется в статье с различных сторон. При разработке теории были использованы результаты опытов автора, изучавшего воздействие поллютантов на живые организмы. Изложенная теория служит инновационной основой для создания новых экотехнологий очищения воды и повышения ее качества с использованием водных организмов. Представлены и обоснованы новые основные концепции, в том числе понятия и термины: biomachinery, экзометаболизм, экологические хеморегуляторы, экологические хемомедиаторы, макросимбиотические системы и другие. Новые результаты автора по выявлению свойства синтетических поверхностно-активных веществ (ПАВ) подавлять фильтрацию воды двустворчатыми моллюсками были признаны научным открытием и отмечены Дипломом за научное открытие № 274. Теория вносит вклад в научные основы укрепления экологической безопасности водных экосистем (водоемов и водотоков), которые служат источниками водоснабжения. Ostroumov S.A. Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water. // Chemical and Biological Safety (=Himicheskaja i biologicheskaja bezopasnost' , Moscow). 2008. No. 5-6. p.36-39. ABSTRACT: A new theory for the biomechanisms for water self-purification is presented in the author’s book ‘Aquatic Organisms in Water Self-Purification and Biogenic Migration of Elements’ (2008, 200 p.). Hydrobionts (aquatic organisms) are actively involved in various processes leading to water purification. Almost all main groups of organisms are involved, which is discussed and analyzed in the paper. In the theory, the results of the author's experiments on the effects of various pollutants on aquatic organisms were used. The theory is an innovative basis for new ecological technologies to clean water and to upgrade its quality by using aquatic organisms. New fundamental concepts were introduced and discussed, including the concepts and terms: biomachinery, exometabolism, ecological chemoregulators, ecological chemomediators, macrosymbiotic system and others. The new authors’s results on the surfactant-induced inhibition of water filtration by bivalves were recognized as a scientific discovery. As a result, the author was awarded Diploma for Scientific Discovery No. 274. The theory is a contribution to the scientific basis for environmental safety of the aquatic ecosystems (aquatic bodies and streams) that serve as sources of water supply. Ключевые слова: качество воды, водные экосистемы, самоочищение воды, загрязнение; загрязняющие вещества, поллютанты, ксенобиотики, синтетические химические вещества, биотестирование, экологическая опасность, инновации, экологическая безопасность, источники водоснабжения, устойчивое использование, водные ресурсы, ресурсы пресной воды, морские, поверхностные водные экосистемы, новая концепция, экзометаболизм, биотрансформации, биодеградация, разложение, водоемы, водотоки, хеморегуляторы, макросимбиотические системы, биогенная миграция элементов, научное открытие № 274, антропогенное воздействие, экология, геохимия, репарация, поверхностно-активные вещества, ПАВ, детергенты, моющие средства, фильтраторы, биоконтроль, самоочистительный потенциал экосистемы, фитотехнология, фиторемедиация, экобиотехнология. Key words: Water quality, aquatic ecosystems, water self-purification, pollution; pollutants, xenobiotics, synthetic chemicals, bioassays, biotesting, ecological hazards, innovations, environmental safety, sources of water supply, sustainable use, aquatic resources, freshwater, marine, surface aquatic ecosystems, new concept of exometabolism, pollutants, biotransformation, biodegradation, destruction, water bodies, streams, chemoregulators, macrosymbiotic system, biogenic migration of elements, scientific discovery No. 274, anthropogenic impact, ecology, geochemistry, repair, biomachinery, surfactants, tensides, detergents, filter-feeders, biocontrol, self-purification potential of ecosystems, phytotechnology, phytoremediation, ecobiotechnology.
Остроумов С.А. Элементы теории биоконтроля качества воды: фактор экологической безопасности источников водоснабжения (=Elements of the theory of biocontrol of water quality: a factor in the ecological safety of the sources of water) // Химическая и биологическая безопасность. 2008. № 5-6. с.36-39.