Antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) deposited alternatively layer by layer (LBL) on chitosan polymer in the form of a thin film over a quartz plate and stainless steel strip has been studied. An eight-bilayer chitosan/silver (Cs/Ag)8 hybrid was prepared having a known concentration of silver. Techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were carried out to understand and elucidate the physical nature of the film. Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), were used as a test sample in saline solution for antibacterial studies. The growth inhibition at different intervals of contact time and, more importantly, the antibacterial properties of the hybrid film on repeated cycling in saline solution have been demonstrated. AFM studies are carried out for the first time on the microbe to know the morphological changes affected by the hybrid film. The hybrid films on aging (3 months) are found to be as bioactive as before. Cytotoxicity experiments indicated good biocompatibility. The hybrid can be a promising bioactive material for the prevention of biofilms specific to E. coli and in purification of water for safe drinking.

Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50. Abstract (short). A fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics -induced inhibition of the water filtration performed by the molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and inhibition of feeding by Limnaea stagnalis emphasized the potential ecological hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents). Keywords: environmental hazards, man-made impacts, anthropogenic effects, pollutants, xenobiotics, aquatic ecosystems, water purification, water filtration, bivalves, surfactants, detergents, biosphere, water quality; SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate; TX100, Triton X-100; TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; ABSTRACT (EXTENDED, with fragments of the text of the paper): Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50. 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Role of the main groups of organisms in the biological processes of water purification 4 Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor with some features 5. Man-made effects and the effects of some xenobiotics 6. Aquatic ecosystems as part of the apparatus of the biosphere 7. Conclusions. Abbreviations: SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate; TX100, Triton X-100; TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; 1. INTRODUCTION Priorities of ecological research include the further studies of ecosystem functioning (Ostroumov et al., [2003]) that include functioning towards water purification (the self-purification of water) in natural water bodies and streams. The self-purification of water in natural ecosystems is a complex group of processes which includes physical, chemical, and biological components (Sushchenya, [1975]; Alimov [ 1981], [2000]; Skurlatov, [1988]; Uhlmann, [1988]; Izrael, and Tsyban, [1989]; Ostroumov [1998], [2001], [2002b]; Wetzel [2001]). Although biological aspects of water self-purification are generally attributed to heterotrophic microorganisms, the other groups of organisms are also known to play a significant role in this process (Sushchenya, [1975]; Konstantinov [1979], Alimov [ 1981], [2000], Wallace, and Starkweather, [1985]; Vymazal, [1988]; Walz, [1995]; Monakov[1998]; Wetzel [2001]; also, Vinberg, [1973]; Bul'on, Nikulina, [1976]; Ivanova,[1976]; Khlebovich, [1976]; - cit. in Ostroumov, [2001]). The goal of this work was to analyze some data from the literature and our own experimental data on water self-purification under natural conditions and to formulate a fundamental concept of the aquatic ecosystem as an analog of a bioreactor (in a broad sense) that contributes to water self-purification mediated by main groups of aquatic organisms. This paper is based on some previous publications of the author (Ostroumov [2000c], [2001], [2002a]). 2. METHODS. The rate of water purification by macrozoobenthic filter feeders was measured experimentally as described earlier (Ostroumov [2001]). After the water sample had been kept with filter feeders for a certain time, the water filtration efficiency was monitored by the measuring the optical density of the suspension of unfiltered single - cell organisms that remained in the water column. The control samples of water were subjected to the same procedure of filtration, but without the contaminant (chemical) tested. Some other methods of the studies of the effects of contaminants on aquatic organisms are described in (Waterbury & Ostroumov [1994] , Ostroumov et al. [1997]). 3. ROLE OF THE MAIN GROUPS OF ORGANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF WATER PURIFICATION. Self-purification of water includes the following biological processes: (1) biodegradation of contaminants; (2) accumulation and sequestration of toxicants in aquatic organisms and the resultant removal of the toxicants from the water column (e.g. Vymazal, [1988]); (3) generation and emission of oxygen required for oxidative degradation of contaminants; (4) uptake of biogenic substances (including N and P) and organic substances from the aquatic environment; (5) production of exometabolites; (6) water filtration (Sushchenya, [1975]; Alimov [1981]; Wallace, and Starkweather, [1985]; Monakov [1998]); and (7) formation of pellet and detritus particles (e.g., Wotton et al. [1998]); and their sedimentation to the bottom (for review, see e.g., Konstantinov,[ 1979]; Ostroumov [1986], [1998], [2001], [2002b]; Skurlatov, [ 1988]). This list is far from complete, and some other biological phenomena simultaneously contribute to several processes listed above. Analysis of the relative contributions of individual groups of aquatic organisms to water self-purification as an integral function of an ecosystem (Table 1) shows that the main groups of organisms simultaneously contribute to several processes of the system of water self-purification. None of the main groups of aquatic organisms can be regarded as being insignificant in terms of water purification. The role of each group of aquatic organisms in these processes can be summarized as an integral ecological rating, which is calculated as the sum of the number of pluses in the corresponding row of Table 1. It is seen from Table 1 that this rating is sufficiently high in all groups of organisms. Thus, the whole range of biological diversity of aquatic organisms is an important factor in water self-purification (Sushchenya, [1975]; Alimov [1981, 2000], Wallace, and Starkweather, [1985]; Wotton et al. [1998]; Ostroumov [2001], Wetzel [2001]). The biota representatives of the water column, the entire ecosystem volume, the boundary regions of the ecosystem, and zones of contact between the ecosystem and its environment are involved in water purification. Activities of unicellular organisms (including those freely suspended in water, immobilized, and attached to various particles, surfaces, and substrates) (e.g., Inkina, [1988]) as well as of other aquatic organisms (e.g., Ostroumov [2001], Wetzel [2001]) suggest that an aquatic ecosystem may be regarded as a bioreactor (in a metaphorically broad sense; i.e., including biological, physical, and chemical aspects). However, unlike industrial bioreactors, such a broad-sense bioreactor has the following important features. 4. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM AS A BIOREACTOR WITH SOME FEATURES. The first feature is a fundamental difference in the bioreactor size. The volume of technological bioreactors does not exceed a few hundred cubic meters, whereas the volume of natural ecosystems is significantly larger. For example, the volumes of lake and estuary ecosystems reach thousands of cubic kilometers: Lake Baikal, 22995 km 3 ; Lake Superior, 12221 km 3 ; Lake Michigan, 4871 km 3 ; Lake Issyk-Kul, 1730 km 3 ; Lake Ladoga, 908 km 3 ; Lake Onega, 280 km 3 ; Lake Balkhash, 112 km 3 ; and Lake Sevan, 38 km 3 ; (1 km 3 = 10 9 m 3 ). This increases the biospheric role of ecological, biochemical, and biofiltration processes in these systems. Therefore, the physical size and volume of the system within which water self-purification take place should be taken into consideration. Thus, natural ecosystems can be regarded as large-size (large-scale) analogues of bioreactors. The second feature is the differences (in terms of size and diversity) between the gene-pool of organisms inhabiting natural ecosystems and the genetic pool of organizms grown in technological bioreactors. This difference leads to a significantly larger diversity of functional activities of organisms in natural ecosystems. Technological bioreactors are usually inoculated with monocultures or, less frequently, mixed cultures with a small number of constituting species. In contrast to technological bioreactors, the biological diversity of natural ecosystems is substantially broader. According to some incomplete estimates, the number of species in natural ecosystems is as many as several hundred to several thousand (e.g., Konstantinov, [1979]). These estimates were obtained without regard to the number of strains of individual microbial species. If the prokaryote strains are taken into account, the quantitative estimates of the biological diversity of taxa in natural ecosystems may increase by several orders of magnitude. Third, an aquatic ecosystem is characterized by a higher degree of autonomy (including energy autonomy) than technological bioreactors. This autonomy is based on the presence of autotrophic organisms. Thus we suggest that natural ecosystems should be regarded as multispecies and diversified (i.e., based on the diversity of organisms and their functions) analogs of bioreactors, implementing a broad spectrum of catalytic functions (including transformation and degradation of contaminants). 5. MAN-MADE EFFECTS AND THE EFFECTS OF SOME XENOBIOTICS. Anthropogenic sublethal effects (including the inhibition of physiological activities) and behavioral changes in virtually any group or taxon of aquatic organisms may decrease the bioreactor efficiency. Some sublethal effects should be regarded as a potential hazard to the purification function (Ostroumov [1998], [2000a ], [2000b], [2002a]; Ostroumov et al. [1997], [1999 ] ). Because the main groups of macroorganisms and microorganisms play a substantial role in self-purification of ecosystems, it is very important to compare the sensitivities of the organisms to various contaminants. In some cases, macroorganisms are at least as sensitive (or even more sensitive) to contaminants as microorganisms (Table 2). According to the presently adopted regulation of ecological monitoring and bioassaying, the ability of chemical compounds to damage the self-purification potential of ecosystems is being tested using heterotrophic bacteria alone. However, it follows from Table 2 that this approach may result in an underestimation of the effects of contaminants on more sensitive biological components of self-purified ecosystems (e.g., some macroorganisms). We obtained new data on the ability of xenobiotics to inhibit water filtration by marine and freshwater organisms and on the hygienic function of pulmonary mollusks associated with elimination of organic matter (the removal of phytomass) from the water column in aquatic ecosystems (Table 3). Some sublethal concentrations of contaminants may inhibit vital activities of other organisms involved in the functioning of the ecosystem as an analog of a bioreactor (e.g., Ostroumov [2001], [2002a], Ostroumov et al. [1999]). 6. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AS PART OF THE APPARATUS OF THE BIOSPHERE. V.I. Vernadsky considered the biota as the apparatus of the biosphere (Vernadsky, [2001]). To continue and develop his thought, we could consider aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biota as a key part of that apparatus. In that capacity, aquatic ecosystem carries a number of functions, not only the one function discussed above (water purification). Among those biospherically important functions are the following: (1) production of organic matter; (2) removing the excess organic matter; ( 3 ) mediating, catalyzing, and regulating biogeochemical flows and cycles; ( 4) harboring biodiversity and by doing so harboring the genetic pool of biodiversity; (5) providing links among various parts of the biosphere; ( 6) contributing to stability of the biosphere. 7. CONCLUSIONS. The fundamental concept put forward in this work emphasizes that both the biological diversity of aquatic organisms and their normal level of physiological activities are required to provide the effective functioning of an ecosystem as an analog of a bioreactor. That bioreactor carries a number of biospherically important functions and processes (we call them 'microbiospheric processes') including those of water purification (environmental remediation, ecological repair). This may lead to a deeper insight into the mechanisms of aquatic ecosystems and to better understanding of hazards of the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere (Yablokov, Ostroumov [1983], [1985], [1991]; Ostroumov [1986]; [Wetzel, 2001]). REFERENCES Alimov, A. F., [1981], Functional ecology of bivalves. - Nauka Press, Leningrad. 248 pp. Alimov A.F. [2000], Elements of aquatic ecosystem function theory. Nauka Press, St.Peterburg. Inkina, G.A. [1988]. Bacteria as a component of the suspended matter in water ecosystems. - Microbiology (Mikrobiologijja, in Russ.) 57: 140-145. Izrael, Yu. A. and A. V. Tsyban, [1989]: Anthropogenic ecology of the ocean. - Gidrometizdat., Leningrad, 528 pp. Konstantinov, A.S., [1979]. Obshchaya gidrobiologiya (General Hydrobiology), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow. Monakov, A.V.1998: Feeding of freshwater invertebrates.– Institute of Ecological and Evolutionary Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 322 p. Ostroumov, S.A., [1986], Vvedenie v biokhimicheskuyu ekologiyu (Introduction to Biochemical Ecology), Moscow University Press, Moscow. –176 p. Ostroumov S.A. [1998], Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 91: 247-258.13. Ostroumov, S.A., [2000a], Biological effects of surfactants in connection with the anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. MAX Press, Moscow. 116 p. Ostroumov S. A. [2000b], Criteria of Ecological Hazards Due to Anthropogenic Effects on the Biota: Searching for a System. Doklady Biological Sciences, 371: 204–206. (Translated from the Russian edition: Ostroumov, S.A., [2000] Doklady Akademii Nauk, 371 ( 6): 844–846). Ostroumov S.A. [2000 c] Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale, diversified bioreactor with the function of water self-purification. Doklady Akademii Nauk, 374, (3) : 427–429. Ostroumov, S.A., [ 2001], Biological effects of surfactants on organisms. MAX Press, Moscow. 334 p. Ostroumov S.A. [2002a]. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129 p. Ostroumov S.A. [2002b]. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. Hydrobiologia. 469 (1-3): -203-204 p. Ostroumov S. A. [2003]. Studying effects of some surfactants and detergents on filter-feeding bivalves. Hydrobiologia. 500: 341-344. Ostroumov S.A., Dodson S., Hamilton D., Peterson S., and Wetzel R.G. [2003] Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 96: 327-332. Ostroumov, S.A., Donkin, P., and Staff, F., [1997], Effects of surfactants on mussels Mytilus edulis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Serija Biologiya (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series Biology.) 3 : 30 - 36. (in Russian with English abstract). Ostroumov, S.A., Kolotilova, N.N., Piskunkova, N.F., Kartasheva N.V., Lyamin M.Ya., and Kraevsky V.M. [1999] Effects of surfactants representing quaternary ammonium compounds on unicellular cyanobacteria, green algae, and rotifers. Vodnye ekosistemy i organizmy (Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms), Dialog –Moscow University Press, Moscow, pp. 45–46. Skurlatov, Yu. I., [1988]: Fundamentals of the management of quality of water. - Ekologicheskaja Khimija Vodnoi Sredy (Ecological Chemistry of Aquatic Environment). 1: 230-255. Sushchenya, L. M., [1975]: Quantitative trends in the feeding of crustaceans. - Nauka I Tehnika Press, Minsk, 208 pp. (in Russ.) Uhlmann, D. [1988]: Hydrobiologie. Ein Grundriß für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler. - G. Fischer, Jena, 3. Ed., 298 pp. Vernadsky, V.I. [2001]. Biosphere (Biosfera). Publishing House Noosphere, Moscow. 244 p. Vymazal, J. [1988], The use of periphyton communities for nutrient removal from polluted streams. - Hydrobiologia 166: 225–237. Wallace, R. L. and P. L. Starkweather, [1985], Clearance rates of sessile rotifers: In vitro determinations. - Hydrobiologia 121: 139-144. Walz, N. 1995: Rotifer populations in plankton communities: Energetics and life history strategies. - Experientia 51: 437-453. Waterbury J., Ostroumov S.A. [1994], Deistvie neionogennogo poverhnostno-aktivnogo veshchestva na tzianobakterii (Effects of a non-ionic surfactant on marine cyanobacteria). Mikrobiologiya (Microbiology), 63: 259-263. Wetzel R. [2001], Limnology. Academic Press, San-Diego et al. Wotton, R. S., B. Malmqvist, T. Muotka, and K. Larsson, [1998], Fecal pellets from a dense aggregation of suspension-feeders in a stream: An example of ecosystem engineering. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 43: 719-725. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1983], Okhrana prirody: problemy i perspektivy (Protection of Nature: Problems and Prospects), Lespromizdat Press, Moscow. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1985], Urovni okhrany zhivoi prirody (Levels of the Protection of Living Nature), Nauka Press, Moscow. Yablokov, A.V. and Ostroumov, S.A., [1991]. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends and Prospects. Springer Press, Berlin. LIST OF TABLES: Table 1. Contribution of aquatic organisms to some processes important for water self-purification in ecosystem (some examples; a simplified model). Table 2. Effect of Triton X-100 (TX) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA) on biological organisms. Table 3. Inhibition of some functions of molluscs important for water self-purification under exposure to sublethal concentrations of contaminants (new data). Note: SDS, sodium dodecylsulfate; TX100, Triton X-100; TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; ADDENDUM (written in 2010): After preparing this paper for publication, a number of other articles and some books were published, which supported the main conclusions of this paper. Among those more recent publications were the following: Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9 [new facts and concepts on assessment of hazards from chemicals, new look on the factors important to water quality, to sustainability; new priorities in environmental safety]; and other publications.
Ostroumov S. A. Aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor: water purification and some other functions. - Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 2004. vol. 97. p. 39-50.

Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; http://www.springerlink.com/content/hcrfvmdncdm8e3pf/ Key words: water quality, water purification, self-purification, biodiversity, pollutants, ecosystem services, freshwater, marine, aquatic ecosystems, sustainability, xenobiotics, sustainable use of aquatic resources, aquatic biota, functioning of ecosystems, environmental safety Sustainable use of aquatic resources is based on the ability of aquatic ecosystems to maintain a certain level of water quality. Water self-purification in both freshwater and marine ecosystems is based on a number of interconnected processes (e.g., Wetzel, 1983; Spellman, 1996; Ostroumov 1998, 2000). Among them are: (1) physical and physico-chemical processes, including: (1.1) solution and dilution of pollutants; (1.2) export of pollutants to the adjacent land areas; (1.3) export of pollutants to the adjacent water bodies; (1.4) sorption of pollutants onto suspended particles and further sedimentation of the latter; (1.5) sorption of pollutants by sediments; (1.6) evaporation of pollutants; (2) chemical processes, including: (2.1) hydrolysis of pollutants; (2.2) photochemical transformations; (2.3) redox-catalytic transformations; (2.4) transformations including free radicals; (2.5) binding of pollutants by dissolved organic matter, which may lead to decreasing toxicity; (2.6) chemical oxidation of pollutants by oxygen; (3) biological processes, including: (3.1) sorption, uptake and accumulation of pollutants by organisms; (3.2) biotransformations (redox reactions, degradation, conjugation), mineralization of organic matter; (3.3) transformation of pollutants by extracellular enzymes; (3.4) removal of suspended matter and pollutants from the water column in the process of water filtering by filter-feeders; (3.5) removal of pollutants from the water in the process of sorption by pellets excreted by aquatic organisms; (3.6) uptake of nutrients (including P, N, and organic molecules) by organisms; (3.7) biotransformation and sorption of pollutants in soil (and removal of nutrients), important when polluted waters are in contact with terrestrial ecosystems; (3.8) a network of regulatory processes when certain organisms control or influence other organisms involved in water purification. Living organisms are involved in physical, physico-chemical and chemical processes 1.1-1.6 and 2.1-2.6 directly or through excretion of oxygen or organic metabolites, production of suspended matter, affecting turbidity, temperature of water or other parameters of the ecosystem. As a result, living organisms are the core component of the multitude of processes of the ecological machinery working towards improving water quality. This component performs eight vital functions directly (3.1-3.8) and is involved indirectly in some of the other twelve functions (1.1-1.6 and 2.1-2.6) so that its role is clearly polyfunctional. Living organisms of aquatic bodies (both autotrophs and heterotrophs) are enormously diverse in terms of taxonomy. Among them, autotrophs generate oxygen that is involved in the processes 2.6 and 2.4 above. Heterotrophs perform processes 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5 and some others. Virtually all biodiversity is involved. Given this polyfunctional role of aquatic organisms, in one of our publications we compared aquatic ecosystems to 'large-scale diversified bioreactors with a function of water purification' (Ostroumov, 2000). What is interesting about the biomachinery of water purification is the fact that it is an energy-saving device. It is using the energy of the sun (autotrophs) and the energy of organic matter which is being oxidized in the process of being removed from water by heterotrophs. Some interesting examples of how various organisms are incorporated in that polyfunctional activity were given by authors of the preceding papers in this volume. The importance of aquatic organisms in performing key functions in the hydrosphere provides an additional convincing rationale for protecting biodiversity. The efficiency of the entire complex of those processes leading to water purification in ecosystems is a prerequisite for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Man-made effects on any of those processes (we have shown effects of surfactants on water filtration by bivalves; some of the experiments were carried out together with Dr. P. Donkin) may impair the efficiency of water self-purification (Ostroumov, 1998; Ostroumov et al., 1998; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999; Ostroumov 2001a, 2001b). We postulate and predict that further studies will provide new striking examples of how important biodiversity is in performing many vital ecological processes leading to upgrading water quality. By doing so, the multifunctional participation of biodiversity supports the sustainable use of water as one of key resources for mankind. The body of new data and ideas presented in this volume will hopefully serve towards following interconnected and partially overlapping goals: prioritization of efforts on research and management in the area of aquatic resources and aquatic environment; biodiversity studies and protection; sustainable use of aquatic bioresources; advancement of aquaculture and mariculture; decreasing costs and increasing efficiencies in wastewater treatment using ecosystems; combatting eutrophication; understanding the role of biota in biogeochemical flows of chemical elements and in buffering global change. The statements and conclusions that were made in this paper were supported in a series of other publications of the author, including the book (Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and a string of articles. Among them: On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. (https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b), Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152 (DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177) and others. The paper was cited by a number of international experts, e. g. in the following papers: Hydrobiologia, 2006, 556: 365-379, DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7; Journal of Applied Phycology, 2005, 17: 557-567, DOI 10.1007/s10811-005-9006-6; Mediterranean Marine Science, 2007, Volume 8 (2), 19-32; Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 2009, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 215-225, DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Desalination, 2010, Vol. 250, Issue 1, Pages 118-129, DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.062. References: Ostroumov, S.A., 1998. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 91: 247-258. Ostroumov, S.A., 2000. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale, diversified bioreactor with the function of water self-purification (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 374: 427-429). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11103331; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton (Amfifil'noe veshchestvo podavljaet sposobnost' molluskov filtrovat' vodu i udalat' iz nee kletki fitoplanktona). Izvestia RAN. Ser. Biology. 1: 108-116. Translated into English: An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, p. 95-102. DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000. PMID: 11236572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Effects of amphiphilic chemicals on marine organisms filter-feeders (Vozdeistvie amfifil'nykh veshchestv na morskikh gidrobiontov-filtratorov). Dokl. Akad. Nauk . Vol. 378. No. 2: 283-285. Translated into English: Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2001. 378: 248-250. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/; DOI 10.1023/A:1019270825775. Ostroumov, S.A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1998. Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusc (Narushenije filtratzii dvustvorchatymi molluskami pod vozdejstvijem poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv dvukh klassov). Dokl. Akad. Nauk 362: 574-576. Translated into English: Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusk Mytilus edulis // Doklady Biological Sciences, 1998. Vol. 362, P. 454-456. Ostroumov, S.A. & V.D. Fedorov, 1999. The main components of self-purification of ecosystems and its possible impairment as a result of chemical pollution (Osnovnyje komponenty samoochishchenija ekosistem i vozmozhnost' ego narushenija v rezultate khimicheskogo zagrjaznenija). Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 16. Biology (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Ser. 16. Biologija) 1: 24-32. Spellman, F.R., 1996. Stream Ecology and Self-purification. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Basel. 133 pp. Wetzel, R. G., 1983. Limnology. Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth. 858 pp. ADDENDUM (added when the paper was put at the web site). The main conclusions of the paper were supported in a series of publications. The following publications are among them. 1. Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9. 2. Ostroumov S. A. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286–289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/; 3. Ostroumov S. A., Kolesnikov M. P. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000, 373: 397–399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 373, No. 2, pp. 278–280. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/ 4. Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ 5. Ostroumov SA. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371:204-206. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ 6. Ostroumov S. A. An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Volume 28, Number 1, p. 95-102. ISSN 1062-3590 (Print) 1608-3059 (Online); DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000; http://www.springerlink.com/content/l665628020163255/; 7. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. -Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Vol. 377, pp. 139–141. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 375, No. 6, pp. 847–849. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/; 8. Ostroumov SA. The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 381:559-562. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf 9. Ostroumov SA. The hazard of a two-level synergism of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380:499-501. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ 10. Ostroumov SA. Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 492-495. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/ 11. Ostroumov SA, Kolesnikov MP. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:378-381. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/ 12. Ostroumov SA. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:341-343. http://sites.google.com/site/1dbs379p341imbalance/; 13. Ostroumov SA. Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms.- Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 378:248-250. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/ 14. Ostroumov SA. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 382:18-21; http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/ATP/article/6113559/ostroumov_02_biodiversity.pdf; 15. Ostroumov SA. A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagial-benthal coupling. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:127-130. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; www.springerlink.com/index/28V23JBFADL1Y100.pdf; 16. Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a New Type of Ecological Hazard of Chemicals: Inhibition of Processes of Ecological Remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 385, 2002 (November), pp. 377–379. [Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 385, No. 4, 2002, pp. 571–573]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8408a7cfaa984764b812ce79c77007f2; 17. Ostroumov SA. System of principles for conservation of the biogeocenotic function and the biodiversity of filter-feeders. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:147-150. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; 18. Ostroumov S. A., Walz N., Rusche R. Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2003 (May). Vol. 390. 252-255, [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=def6575c794b111fcc31275e853c2b15; 19. Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. - Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. PMID: 12852181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; 20. Ostroumov S. A. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; 21. Ostroumov S. A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. // Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No. 1. Pages: 381 – 386. DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/ 22. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica, 2007. vol. 15 (50), p.15-23. (ISSN 0354-3285). [http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32850750015O]. 23. Ostroumov S.A., Shestakova T.V. Decreasing the measurable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the water of the experimental systems containing Ceratophyllum demersum: The phytoremediation potential // Doklady Biological Sciences 2009, Vol. 428, No. 1, p. 444-447. http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; 24. Ostroumov S.A. Towards the general theory of ecosystem-depended control of water quality. - Ecologica, 2009, vol. 16, No. 54, p. 25-32. http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/ 25. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification.- Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. ISSN 1995-4255 (Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177; The paper was cited and its conclusions were supported in the publications below: Цитировали paper [Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia (Springer Netherlands),ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online), Volume 469, Numbers 1-3 / 2002 (February); p. 203-204; DOI 10.1023/A:1015555022737] /Cited by: Water Quality of Effluent-dominated Ecosystems: Ecotoxicological, Hydrological, and Management Considerations. - Hydrobiologia (Springer Netherlands) ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online); Volume 556, Number 1, 2006 (February); p. 365-379; DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7; Bryan W. Brooks1 , Timothy M. Riley2 and Ritchie D. Taylor3 (1) Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA (2) Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, 1124 Regal Row, Austin, Texas 78748, USA (3) Department of Public Health, Centre for Water Resource Studies, Western Kentucky University, 1 Big Red Way, EST 437, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA - - - - ---------------------------- Integrated outdoor culture of two estuarine macroalgae as biofilters for dissolved … I. Hernandez, M.A. Fernández-Engo, J.L. Pérez- … - Journal of Applied …, 2005 - Springer Ignacio Hernández ∗ , M. Angeles Fernández-Engo, J. Lucas Pérez-Lloréns & Juan J. Vergara Area de Ecologıa, Universidad de Cádiz, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain ∗ Author for correspondence: e-mail: ignacio.hernandez@uca.es - - - -------------------- Medit. Mar. Sci., 8/2, 2007, 19-32 Mediterranean Marine Science Volume 8/2, 2007, 19-32 Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece Y. CHATZINIKOLAOU 1, 2 and M. LAZARIDOU1 1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 2Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Hellas - - - ---------------------------------------- Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model Authors: N. R. Samal a; A. Mazumdar b; K. D. Joumlhnk c;F. Peeters d Affiliations: a Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India; b School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; c Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany d Limnologisches Institut, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Published in: Journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Volume 12, Issue 2 April 2009 , pages 215 – 225; - - - ------- Intra-basin spatial approach on pollution load estimation in a large Mediterranean … Y. Chatzinikolaou, A. Ioannou, M. Lazaridou - Desalination, 2010; ---------
Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002, 469: 203-204.

Ostroumov S.A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia, 2005, 542: 275-286. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; www.springerlink.com/index/U21P83P0423J8714.pdf; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/5Hydr542p275water.filt.doc ABSTRACT: On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filter-feeders in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others). The inhibition of the filtration activity of filter-feeders may lead to the situation previously described as that of an ecological bomb of the second type. Author formulated a list of some key functions that filter-feeders perform and in this way provide services to ecosystem. Inter alia, filter-feeders: (a) participate in the large-scale repair of water quality; (b) contribute to the reliability of the mechanism and stability of ecosystem; (c) may potentially contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity; (d) remove seston and excrete pellets, by doing so they are involved in 'ecological taxation': filter-feeders pay some ecological tax to the ecosystem; (e) contribute to acceleration (biocatalysis) of migration of elements; (f) contribute to the regulation of the metabolism of ecosystem. The paper was cited by scientists working in Canada, Australia, Russia and other countries. The main conclusions were confirmed by the other publications of the same author, see the book ‘Biological Effects of Surfactants’ (CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and sites: http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/348_Useful_theory_of_natural_mechanisms_of_improving_water_quality; References Achituv, Y. & M.L.Pedrotti, 1999. Costs and gains of porcelain crab suspension feeding in different flow conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 184: 161-169. Alimov, A. F., 1981. Functional Ecology of Freshwater Bivalves (Funktzionalnaja Ekologija Presnovodnykh Dvustvorchatykh Molluskov). Nauka press, Leningrad. 248 pp. Asmus, R.M. & H. Asmus, 1991. Mussel beds: limiting or promoting phytoplankton? Journal Experimental Marine Biology Ecology. 148: 215-232 Bacher, C., 1989. Capacité trophique du bassin de Marennes-Oléron: couplage d'un modele de transport particulaire et d'un modele de croissance de l'huitre Crassosrea gigas. Aquatic Living Resources. 48:199-214. Ball, B., R.Raine & D.Douglas, 1997. Phytoplankton and particulate matter in Carlingford Lough, Ireland: an assessment of food availability and the impact of bivalve culture. Estuaries. 20: 430-440. Bern, L., 1987. Zooplankton grazing on [methyl-3H]thymidine-labelled natural particle assemblages: determination of filtering rates and food selectivity. Freshwater Biology. 17: 151-159. Cloern, J., 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San francisco Bay? Marine Ecology Progress Series. 9: 191-202. Dame, R., D. Bushek & T. Prins, 2001. Benthic suspension feeders as determinants of ecosystem structure and function in shallow coastal waters . Ecological Studies. 151: 11-37. Dame, R., N. Dankers, T. Prins, H. Jongsma & A. Smaal, 1991. The influence of mussel beds on nutrients in the Western Wadden Sea and Eastern Scheldt estuaries. Estuaries. 14: 130-138. Dame, R., R. Zingmark, H. Stevenson & D. Nelson, 1980. Filter feeding coupling between the water column and benthic systems. In: Kennedy V. (Editor) Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, New York: 521-526. Davies, B., V.Stuart & M. de Villiers, 1989. The filtration activity of a serpulid polychaete population (Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) and its effects on water quality in a coastal marina. Estuary Coast Shelf Science. 29: 613-620. Donkin, P., J. Widdows, S. V. Evans, F. Staff & T. Yan, 1997. Effects of neurotoxic pesticides on the feeding rate of marine mussels Mytilus edulis. Pesticide Science. 49: 196-209. Frost, T. 1978. Impact of the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris on a Sphagnum bog-pond. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 20: 2368-2371. Frost, T., 1980. Clearance rate determination for the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris: effects of temperature, particle type and concentration, and sponge size. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 90: 330-356. Gutelmaher, B. L., 1986. Metabolism of Plankton as the Whole (Metabolizm Planktona Kak Edinogo Tzelogo). Nauka, Leningrad. 156 pp. Hily, C., 1991. Is the activity of benthic suspension feeders a factor controlling water quality in the Bay of Brest? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 69: 179-188. Jaramillo E., Bertran C., Bravo A. 1992. Mussel biodeposition in an estuary in southern Chile. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 82: 85-94. Kartasheva, N. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1998. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (tetradetziltrimetilammonij bromid). Toxicological Bulletin (Toksikologicheskii Vestnik). 5: 30-32. Kautsky N., Evans S. 1987. Role of biodeposition by Mytilus edulis in the circulation of matter and nutrients in a Baltic coastal ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 38: 201-212. Krylova, E.M., 1997. Abyssal bivalves of the superfamily Cuspidarioidea (Septibranchia) from the Far-Eastern seas and the North-Western Pacific. In: Kuznetzov, A. P. & O. N. Zezina (eds) Composition and distribution of bottom invertebrate animals in the seas of Russia and adjacent waters. Institute of Oceanology, Moscow: 80-84 Kryger, J., & H.U. Riisgård, 1988. Filtration rate capacities in 6 species of European freshwater bivalves. Oecologia. 77: 34-38. Kryuchkova, N.M. & V.H. Rybak, 1989. Patterns of feeding of Moina rectirostris Leydig on phytoplankton of a hypertrophic water body (osobennosti pitaniya Moina rectirostris Leydig fitoplanktonom gipertrofnogo vodoema. Hydrobiological Journal (Gidrobiologicheskiy Zhurnal) 25 (3): 28-31. Migne, A. & D. Davoult, 2002. Experimental nutrition in the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum (Cnidaria: Octocorallia): removal rate of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Cahiers de Biologie Marine. 43 (1): 9-16. Mitin, A., 1984. Effect of some environmental factors on the water-clearing activity of bivalves. Summary of Ph.D. Thesis, Moscow. 22 pp. Monakov, A. V., 1998. Feeding of Freshwater Invertebrates (Pitanie Presnovodnykh Bespozonochnykh). Institute of Ecological and Evolutionary Problems, Moscow. 320 pp. Newell, R., 1988. Ecological changes in Chesapeake Bay: are they the result of overharvesting the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica? Understanding the estuary: Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research. Proceedings of a Conference. 29-31 March 1988. Baltimore, Maryland.- Chesapeake Research Consortium Publication 129: 536-546. Ogilvie, S. & S. Mitchell, 1995. A model of mussel filtration in a shallow New Zealand lake, with reference to eutrophication control. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 133(4): 471-482. Ostroumov, S. A., 1998. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 91: 247-258. Ostroumov, S.A., 1999. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: stopping an ecological time bomb. Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ASLO, Waco, TX. Page 134. Ostroumov, S. A., 2000a. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system (Kriterii ekologhicheskoj opastnosti antropoghennykh vozdejstvij na biotu: poiski sistemy). Doklady Biological Sciences 371: 204-206 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 371: 844-846). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000b. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system (Kontzeptzija vodnoi bioty kak labil'nogo i ujazvimogo zvena sistemy samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 372: 286-289 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 372: 279-282). Ostroumov, S. A., 2000c. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Doklady Akademii Nauk 374: 427-429). Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a . Responses of Unio tumidus to a mixture of chemicals and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects (Reagirovanie Unio tumidus pri vozdeistvii smesevogo himicheskogo preparata i opasnost sinekologicheskogo summirovaniya antropogennyh vozdeistviy). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 380: 714-717. [Transl. into English and published: Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001, 380: 492-495]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Synecological foundation for the solution of the problem of eutrophication (Sinekologicheskie osnovy resheniya problemy evtrofirovaniya). Doklady Akademii Nauk. 381:709-712. [Transl. into English and published: The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001 381: 559-562]. Ostroumov S.A. 2001c. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton. Izvestia RAN. Seriya Biology (Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Biology Series). No.1: 108-116. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002a. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. Hydrobiologia. 469: 117-129. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002b. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. Hydrobiologia. 469 (1-3): 203-204. Ostroumov, S.A., 2002c. Biodiversity and water quality: the role of feed-backs (Sokhranenie bioraznoobrziya i kachestvo vody: rol obrantykh svyazej v ekosistemakh) Doklady Akademii Nauk. 382: 138-141. [Translated into English and published: Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002 382: 18-21]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2003a. Studying effects of some surfactants and detergents on filter-feeding bivalves. Hydrobiology. 500: 341-344. Ostroumov, S.A., 2003b. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. Rivista di Bilogia / Biology Forum. 96: 159-169. Ostroumov, S.A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1997. Inhibition by the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate, of the ability of mussels Mytilus edulis to filter and purify the sea water (Anionnoje poverkhnostno-aktivnoje veshchestvo inghibirujet sposobnost' midij filtrovat' i ochishchat' morskuju vodu). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 16. Biologija. (Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 16. Biology) 3: 30-36. Ostroumov, S. A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1998. Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusc (Narushenije filtracii dvustvorchatymi molluskami pod vozdejstvijem poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv dvukh klassov). Doklady Akademii Nauk 362: 574-576. Ostroumov, S.A., N. Walz & J. Widdows, 2001. Measuring activity of filter-feeders: linking organismal and superorganismal levels of hydrobiology and biological oceanography. Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions, 5: 26-27. Ostroumov, S. A. , S. Dodson, D. Hamilton, S. Peterson & R. G. Wetzel, 2003a. Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 96: 327-332. Ostroumov, S.A., N.Walz & R. Rusche, 2003 b. Effects of a cationic amphiphilic chemical on rotifers. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 390 (3): 423-426. [Transl. into English and published: Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences) 2003, 390: 252-255]. Petersen, J. & H.U.Riisgård, 1992. Filtration capacity of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and its grazing impact in a shallow fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 88: 9-17. Pilson, M., 1985. On the residence time of water in Narragansett Bay. Estuaries. 8: 2-14. Rose, R., M. Warne & L. Lim, 2003. Exposure to chemicals exuded by fish reduces the filtration and ingestion rates of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia. Hydrobiologia. 501: 215-217. Smaal, A.C., J.Verhagen, J.Coosen & H. Haas, 1986. Interactions between seston quantity and quality and benthic feeders in the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands. Ophelia. 26: 385-399. Sorokin, Yu.A., P.Yu.Sorokin, T.I. Mamaeva & O.V. Sorokina, 1997. The Sea of Okhotsk bacterioplankton and planktonic ciliates. In Sapozhnikov, V.V. (Ed.) Complex studies of ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. VNIRO Press, Moscow: 210-216. Shulman, G.E. & G.A. Finenko, 1990. Bioenergetics of Aquatic Organisms. Naukova Dumka Press, Kiev. 246 pp. Shuntov, V.P., 2001. Biology of Far-Eastern seas of Russia. Vol.1. TINRO-Centre, Vladivostok. 580 pp. Starkweather, P. & K.Bogdan,1980. Detrital feeding in natural zooplankton communities: discrimination between live and dead algal foods. Hydrobiologia. 73: 83-85. Stuijfzand, S. C., M. H. S. Kraak, Y. A. Wink & C. Davids, 1995. Short-term effects of nickel on the filtration rate of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 54: 376-381. Sushchenya, L. M., 1975. Quantitative Trends in the Feeding of Crustaceans. Nauka i Tekhnika press, Minsk. 208 pp. Tsuchiya, M., 1980. Biodeposit production by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on rocky shores. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 47: 203-222. Vinogradov, M. E. & E.A. Shushkina, 1987. Functioning of plankton communities of the epipelagial of the ocean. Nauka Press, Moscow. 240 pp. Widdows, J. & D. Page, 1993. Effects of tributyltin and dibutyltin on the physiological energetics of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Marine Environmental Research. 35: 233-249. Widdows, J., M.Brinsley, P.Salkeld & M.Elliott, 1998. Use of annular flumes to determine the influence of current vedlocity and bivalves on material flux at the sediment-water interface. Estuaries. 21 (4A): 552-559. Witte, U., T.Brattegard, G.Graf & B.Springer, 1997. Particle capture and depostion by deep-sea sponges from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 154: 241-252. Yablokov, A. V. & S. A. Ostroumov, 1991. Conservation of Living Nature and Resources: Problems, Trends, Prospect. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 271 pp. Zankai, N. , 1979. Jahreszeitliche Änderung der Filtrierrate der Copepoden Eudiaptomus gracilis (G.O.Sars) im Balaton-See. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 20: 2551-2555. Zezina, O.N. , 1997. Brachiopods in a natural bottom biofilter at the shelves and slopes in the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia. In: Kuznetzov, A.P. & O.N.Zezina (eds) Composition and distribution of bottom invertebrate animals in the seas of Russia and adjacent waters. Institute of Oceanology, Moscow: 52-60. TABLES: Table 1. Examples of the impact of fiter-feeders on the water column: clearance time. Table 2 . Some examples of diversity of taxons of benthic organisms involved in removing seston from water. Table 3. Effect of the increase in concentration of algae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the filtration rate and the amount consumed (C, % ) by rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus. Table 4. The ratio F: P in some groups of organisms. The ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. Table 5. The ratio F : (P+R) in some filter feeders (calculated by the author per 1 unit of energy spent on the sum of productivity and respiration). Table 6. Results of the ecological tax. Biosediments formation. Table 7. Contribution of various aquatic organisms to oxidation of organic matter in the ecosystem of central part of the Sea of Okhotsk (the period of time: the summer minimum of phytoplankton, the end of July - beginning of August). Table 8. Some chemicals that have an adverse effect on the filtering activity of the filter-feeders. As a result, the amount of suspended matter removed from the water by the filter feeders decreased. Therefore the amount of suspended matter left in the water was more than that in control. Abbreviations: LD1 (E) liquid detergent E; LD2 (F) liquid detergent Fairy; SD1 (L) synthetic detergent Lanza; SD2 (I) synthetic detergent IXI; SD3 (D )synthetic detergent Deni; SD4 (OMO) synthetic detergent OMO. Table 9. Some features of water-filtering biomachinery. Table 10. The level–block approach to the analysis of ecological hazards of anthropogenic effects on the biota. KEY WORDS: filter-feeders, suspension feeders, water quality, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity, filtration rate, liquid detergent; synthetic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS; tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide TDTMA, Triton-X100, biomachinery, xenobiotics, pellets, ecological taxation, particles, migration of elements, regulation, ecological hazards, anthropogenic impact, plankton–benthos connections (coupling), trophic, grazing, stability, biosphere, sedimentation, faeces, productivity, respiration, biomass, pseudofaeces, suspended matter, community, microzooplankton, zooplankton (non-predatory), zooplankton (predatory), zoobenthos, fish, mammals, birds, the level–block approach, Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, M.galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, sponge, Thenea abyssorum, M. chilensis, Polichaeta, Sabellidae; Sabella spallanzanii, Serpulidae, Spongia, Porifera, Spongilla lacustris, Ascidia, Ascidiella aspersa, Bryozoa, Plumatella fungosa, Cirripedia, Balanus crenatus, Mollusca, Ostrea edulis, Decapoda, Porcellana longicornis, Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Ophiothrix fragilis; Corals, Alcyonium digitatum, Brachiopoda, Laqueus californianus, Diestothyris frontalis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, natural seston, Appendicularia, Doliolidae, Calanoida, Spongilla lacustris (sponge), Hyridella menziesi, Crassostrea virginica, Potamocorbula amurensis, Mercenaria mercenaria, Cerastoderma edule, Ciona intestinalis (ascidian), Lake Tuakitoto (New Zealand), North Inlet (South Carolina, USA), South San Francisco Bay, Narragansett Bay, Oosterschelde, Chesapeake Bay, Marina da Gama, Kertinge Nor, Denmark, Bay of Brest, France, AFDW - ash-free dry weight; LD - liquid detergent; SD - synthetic detergent (laundry detergent in the form of powder); ecosystem services, sustainability, man-made, freshwater, marine ecosystems, aquatic organisms, biota, habitat, surfactants, rotifers, role of organisms in the biosphere, functioning of ecosystems, benthos, ecology, limnology, oceanography, biosphere, hydrosphere, ecotoxicology, environmental toxicology
Ostroumov S. A. Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. - Hydrobiologia 2005 (July), Volume 542, Number 1, p. 275-286