В самой Японии еще недавно было распространено мнение о том, что японцам не хватает силы воображения, в частности творческого. Мнение основывалось на том, что японцы традиционно и неуклонно сле-довали всевозможным правилам и канонам во всех областях жизни и творчества. Строгая регламентация художественных приемов привела к появлению множества эпигонских произведений. В то же время обуслов-ленные особенностями миропонимания чрезвычайная интенсивность ас-социативного мышления и включенность произвольного воображения не только определили своеобразие японского искусства и литературы, но и вносили – и вносят по сей день – элементы творчества в повседневную жизнь японцев. Most of the Japanese themselves has recently believed that their imagination and creativity was insufficiently developed. The belief was based on the fact that the Japanese had traditionally and steadily followed multiple rules and canons in all spheres of their life and creative work. Strict regulation in artistic methods entailed the emergence of a great deal of imitative production. Meanwhile, in fact extraordinarily intensive associative thinking and involvement of arbitrary imagination caused by the peculiar worldview have determined the specificity of Japanese art and literature and introduced creative elements in Japanese’s everyday life.

Aim ― This study was designed to analyze the citations of medical education to measure primarily the research trend of Problem-based learning in medical education and to compare them in the fields of dentistry with medicine, nursing and pharmacology. Material and Methods ― This study was a descriptive study using scientometrics and systematic review of citations. Electronic data bases Web of Science and PubMed were searched during the 2003-2013 for related article were extracted and critically appraised based on the level of education visualize the application of Problem-based learning in dentistry and pharmacology, nursing and medicine. We analyzed data using SPSS 18. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results ― Dentistry 64(8%) was ranked three followed by nursing. The dentistry was ranked in the third on sharing articles of implementing Problem based Learning in education. The year 2007 was the apex of dentistry’s scientific productions on Problem based learning. Among the countries, the USA was identified leading country .All of the four fields of pharmacology, medicine, nursing, dentistry Problem based learning was the most applied in lesson than other levels of education. A statistically significantly association was found between Impact Factor and the number of citations in published articles (p<0.001, rs=0.43) and geographic dispersion (according to continental distribution) and PBL applications field (P<0.001). Conclusion ― These findings indicate gap Problem-based learning in the fields of medical sciences and future studies need to establish differences other fields and suggest appropriate solutions to resolve the dispute.
Hakimeh Hazrati, Vahideh Zarea Gavgani, Morteza Ghojazadeh, Leila Vahedi Problem-based learning in dentistry and interfiled comparison: a citation analysis study // Russian Open Medical Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 0-0