Small mammals are important reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens that cause significant morbidity in humans. Of these, tularemia and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) are among of the most widespread zoonotic diseases worldwide. Despite the fact that both pathogens have great epidemiological significance in Russia, epizootological data for urbanized areas are still scarce. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and prevalence of tularemia and hantaviruses in small mammals living in close proximity to humans. Altogether, 425 small mammals (278 from urban environment and 147 from natural environment) representing nine species (Myodes glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Cricetus cricetus, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus uralensis, Mus musculus, Sorex araneus and Neomys fodiens) were captured in the Russian Republic of Mordovia and screened for pathogens using different serological and bacteriological methods. Red bank vole (M. glareolus) and yellow-necked wood mouse (A. flavicollis) are among species in the forest zone of the city of Saransk and are the source of a number of zoonotic diseases. In the non-urban environment, the main role as carriers of zoonotic diseases was played by house (M. musculus) and striped field (A. agrarius) mice. A total of 23 % of the small mammals sampled in Saransk were positive for tularemia, whereas 9.7 % were positive for HFRS. Furthermore, dual infections with both tularemia and hantaviruses were shown in 1.4 % of animals, suggesting that the same small mammal host can be infected with several pathogens at the same time, therefore representing a serious threat to public health. Small mammal ecology is a primary determinant of zoonotic pathogens dynamics in rodent populations and the risk of pathogen transmission to people.
Maydanov, M., Andreychev, A., Boyarova, E., Kuznetsov, V., & Ilykaeva, E. SMALL MAMMALS AS RESERVOIRS OF TULAREMIA AND HFRS IN THE FOREST ZONE OF SARANSK. Forestry Ideas. 2021. V. 27. № 1. P. 128–135

В контексте процесса урбанизации анализируются методологические проблемы оценки внутренних и внешних ресурсов развития городов в условиях глобализации. Отталкиваясь от методов и принципов, устоявшихся в рамках неоклассической экономической парадигмы, авторы предлагают варианты решения проблемы определения пределов роста городов. Акцентируется внимание на особой роли процесса глобализации в формировании мегаполисов, аргументируется значимость современного города как фокуса сетеузловых трансграничных взаимодействий. Предложена модель оценки динамики развития глобальной городской сети. В результате анализа выделены и охарактеризованы четыре кластера городов: «зрелые», «развивающиеся», «динамично развивающиеся» и «высокодинамичные». The article discusses methodological issues of assessing the internal and external resources for the development of cities in the context of globalization. Proceeding form the methods and principles maintained within the framework of neoclassical economic paradigm, the authors suggest the ways to define the limits of urban growth. The authors emphasize the peculiar role of globalization in the formation of mega cities as well as the significance of modern city as a nodal network of cross-border interactions. They propose the model of assessing the global urban network dynamics. The analysis allowed defining and characterizing of the four cities clusters, namely: “mature”, “emerging”, “developing” and “highly dynamic” cities.

Change in complex systems, system evolution, is itself complex. This paper is about world system evolution as it is reflected in the pattern of urbanization over the last 5000 years. It will be shown that the pattern of urbanization as part of the immensely complex world system exhibits non-linearity in that it is neither smooth nor continuous but rather is punctuated by periods of rapid change interspersed between periods of stasis. This pattern was first described in biological systems by Eldridge and Gould (1972) for speciation, and much of the pattern of urbanization reflects the characteristics of punctuated equilibrium first described by those two authors. Specifically, this paper will investigate the phenomenon of punctuated equilibrium reflected in both the macro-pattern of urbanization over historic time, i.e. the evidence for punctuated equilibrium as reflected by data on urbanization and on the level of state development, and possible mechanisms for such punctuated behavior including the general model of self-organized criticality as developed by Per Bak (1996), the role of hypercycle formation in punctuated equilibrium, the role of aromorphic processes, and the interaction between population, carrying capacity, and level of technology as represented by a very general math model.

The article is devoted to research the degree and nature of influence of the effect of urbanization on the sustainability of
complex socio-ecological-economic development of the area big cities. The historical and economic assessment is given, ecological
factors are studied, qualitative and quantitative parameters of the phenomenon of the urbanization are considered. Based on the
requirements of modern legal documents and data analysis the principles are generalized and the directions of formation of favorable
conditions for sustainable development of social, ecological and economic environment on the large cities are defined.
A.D. Murzin INFLUENCE OF THE URBANIZATION ON STABILITY DEVELOPMENTS LARGE CITIES // The Russian Academic Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3, 2014, pp. 0-0