В обзоре представлены данные современной литературы по проблемам этиопатогенеза, кардиологических и акушерских рисков пролапса митрального клапана (ПМК), а также тактике ведения пациенток с данной патологией. Изложены современные представления о роли геномных, генных и метаболомных нарушений структуры клапанного аппарата сердца в этиологии и патогенезе клинических проявлений ПМК. Кроме того, представлены сведения об особенностях течения беременности и родов у женщин с ПМК (невынашивание беременности, преэклампсия, задержка роста плода, плацентарная недостаточность, аномалии родовой деятельности, послеродовые кровотечения). Однако неоднозначные, а иногда и противоречивые данные о связи и частоте развития осложнений беременности с ПМК требуют проведения дальнейших исследований для определения комплекса диагностических и профилактических мер.

The purpose: to conduct a comprehensive assessment of clinical and functional characteristics of athletes with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Material and Methods. 541 athletes were examined for the study, 132 athletes with MVP were in the main group, 132 athletes without MVP were in the comparison group. Functional, laboratory and diagnostic methods of examination in the framework of an in-depth medical examination were used in the study. Results. The examined athletes with mitral valve prolapse often have changes in the peripheral blood, immune and endocrine systems, macroelement composition, ECG, functional sample. Conclusion. Clinical and functional state of athletes with MVP is different from athletes without MVP, what requires an adequate assessment of MVP to improve the effectiveness of the training process with the possible use of medical and diagnostic and preventive measures.
Maslennikova О.М., Borovikova Т.А. Clinical and functional characteristics of athletes with mitral valve prolapse // Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research, Vol. 10, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 815-818

The study aimed to identify the initial signs of immune violations at professional athletes with the mitral valve prolapse. Material and methods. For establishment of frequency of occurrence of the mitral valve prolapse as manifestations of a displaziya of connecting fibers among professional athletes 541 persons were surveyed (329 young men and 212 girls), an average age was 22,4±1,2 and 21,3±1,3 years respectively. The athletes were exposed to the echocardiography doppler in a prone position on the left side. The immune status of athletes estimated indicators of cellular and humoral immunity: quantity of leukocytes, lymphocytes, phagocyte activity of leukocytes, T indicators — and V-cellular immunity. Phagocyte activity of leukocytes (monocytes and neutrophils) blood was estimated on an indicator of a phagocyte index — number of leukocytes (at %), capable to phagocyte a test-microbe (epidermal staphylococcus). Results. The mitral valve prolapse was revealed at 132 people (24,4%), 74 young men (22,5%) and 58 girls (27,4%). At athletes with a prolapse (132 people) had changes in the immune system, being shown in decrease of levels of im-munoglobulins, total of leukocytes in comparison with athletes without prolapse are revealed. Conclusions. At athletes with the mitral valve prolapse (especially at girls) in the course of adaptation to long and considerable physical activities changes are more often shown from immune system, than athletes without heart pathology. In particular, the total of leukocytes, level of immunoglobulins A and M decreases.
Maslennikova О.М., Reznichenko Т.А., Firsakova V.Yu. Влияние физических нагрузок на иммунный статус у лиц с пролапсом митрального клапана // Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research, Vol. 9, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 860-862