For investigation of urine microflora in mice we offered to use paper disks. This new method was tested in finding of infection on the mice (CBAxC57BI) F1 after total body v-irradiation at 6,5 Gr (LD80/30). The paper disks were impreg- nated with one drop of urine, placed on surface Endo media, incubate in thermostat (37°C) in during 1-2 days and numbers of positive crops (Esch. coli, Proteus, Enterococcus, were indicated. It was shown that after irradiation the numbers of positive probes increased. The test displayed that the method is easy, economic and demonstrative.
Ivanov A.A., Shalnova G.A., Maltsev V.N., Ulanova A.M., Stavrakova N.M., Bulynina T.M. New method of investigation of urine microflora in mice after irradiation // Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research, Vol. 9, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 890-892

The aim of the study is a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic value of determining of concentration of cyto-kines in the serum and urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis. Materials and Methods: The study of cytokine profile in blood serum and urine has been performed in 21 patients with acute pyelonephritis aged from 23 to 63 years. The concentration of interleukin (IL-1 p, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) receptor antagonist, IL-1 (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor — alpha (TNF-a), C-reactive protein (CRP), in serum and urine of patients under the survey have been determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the appropriate reagent sets «Vector-Best» (Novosibirsk). The study of all these biomarkers in patients with acute pyelonephritis has been performed three times: at admission before antibiotic therapy (1 point); in a 5-7 days-period from the beginning of treatment (2 points); 1.5 months after completion of treatment (3 points,). Results: Before the treatment there has been an increase in levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1RA, TNF-a, CRP in serum. Simultaneously, the concentration of these substances in the urine has been higher. In 2 and 3-point changes the level of cytokines has been different; however, the content of them in the urine has been determined to be higher than in the serum. Conclusion: Analysis of changes in levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein in serum and urine showed that these biomarkers in acute pyelonephritis may be used as indicators of inflammatory activity. The data received suggest that the study of cytokine levels in the urine may be used to assess the severity of inflammatory changes in the renal parenchyma and in monitoring of therapy effectiveness.
Popkov V.M., Dolgov А.В., Zakharova N.B., Ponukalin A.N., Varaksin N.A. Urinary biomarkers in acute pyelonephritis // Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 110-115