Aim - This study was a retrospective evaluation of morbidity indicators and the use of questionnaire in decisions that relate to Schistosoma haematobium infection control among primary school children in Ghana. Materials and Methods — In all, 417 pupils in three primary schools (Kasseh sub-District, Dangme East District, Ghana), provided urine samples, which were examined for S. haematobium ova. The study utilized a structured questionnaire, the Urit 10V multi-stick urine reagent strips and the filtration method. Results — Overall, prevalence by microscopy was 20.9% (requires targeted treatment once every two years), and was higher (14.0%) among the 10-15 years age group (χ2=22.44, p<0.001). The lowest prevalence was among the <6 (0.5%, 2/417) and ≥19 (1.4%, 6/417) years age groups. There was no significant difference in prevalence among females (7.9%, 33/417) and males (12.9%, 54/417) (χ2=2.58, p=0.108). Self-reported haematuria was 43.2% (targeted treatment once a year). There was a significant difference between female (16.1%, 67/417) and male (27.1%, 113/417) responses to self-reported haematuria (χ2=4.170, p<0.001). A lower consolidated mean prevalence of 11.7% was estimated among pupils who had ova in their urine and also exhibited three morbidity indicators (haematuria, leucocyturia and proteinuria). Combined and averaged sensitivity and specificity estimations (sensitivity = 55.4%, specificity = 67.8%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) = 53.4%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) = 64.2%) of these morbidity indicators, was insufficient in equalizing the reliability of ova quantification. With the exception of leucocyturia, which was common among all pupils, 28.75% (25/87) of the infected individuals did not have any form of haematuria or proteinuria. Out of these, one pupil had heavy ova intensity (80 eggs/10ml of urine) while the remaining 24 had low ova intensity infection (1-44 eggs/10ml of urine). Questionnaire correctly identified 56.3% of pupils with S. haematobium ova in their urine, also reporting bloody urine (PPV=27.2%; NPV=84.0%). It also identified 49.4% of pupils with ova, reporting painful urination (PPV=26.1%, NPV=82.5%). Conclusion — This study emphasizes the relevance of evaluating the criteria for interpretation of morbidity indicators, prior to their field application. Questionnaire use remains key for surveillance purposes, to determine the presence of the infection in an area. Future studies should consolidate similar data elsewhere in Ghana for a better understanding of morbidity indicators and questionnaire use for decisions that relates to control strategies.
Ato Kwamena Tetteh, Joseph Otchere, Langbong Bimi, Irene Ayi Evaluation of field recognizable morbidity indicators of Schistosoma haematobium infection among primary school children in Ghana // Russian Open Medical Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 0-0

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C.C. Azodo, O. Ehigiator, A.O. Ehizele, O. Ololo, Ashish Runthala, Amit Kumar Singh, Risqa Rina Darwita, Iwany Amalliah, Alphonsus N. Onyiriuka, Zohair Jamil Gazzaz, Khalid Obeid Dhafar, Abdul Fatah Sindy, Mian Usman Farooq, Shakeel Ahmad Mian, S.R. Kulkarni, К.Р. Ravindra, С. Dhume, P.V. Rataboli, E. Rodrigues, E.E. Rodrigues, Georgi Tomov, L.C. De Castro Rossi, I. Dalben, S.C. Mangini Bocchi, Elena V. Chernyshkova Full English article from Saratov Journal of Medical Scienific Research (2010-2011 years) // Russian Open Medical Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 106-0

Rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease is a significant problem in children and young adults of our nation and hence needs attention on priority basis. This process documentation describes in brief how rheumatic activity (rheumatic fever and/or rheumatic heart disease) detection is being conducted via throat swab culture towards establishment of a RF/RHD registry in Tripura. Tripura is a state in North-East India which borders Bangladesh, Mizoram and Assam. This is a twinning project with PGIMER, Chandigarh. Agartala Govt. Medical College collects samples of throat swabs from school children (5-15 years) and also children coming to OPD/IPD. Agartala Govt. Medical College registers Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease cases on basis of Jones’ criteria and ECHO cardiography respectively and provide secondary prophylaxis to all these cases at its paediatric OPD. There are three sub-registries functioning under AGMC in 3 districts, where cases are registered and secondary prophylaxis are provided. All the throat swab samples are cultured for the identification of Group A Beta haemolytic streptococcus at Dept. of Microbiology, AGMC. Beta haemolytic streptococcus strains are sent to PGIMER, Chandigarh for emm typing. This is supported by preparation and distribution of educational material; leaflets (Bengali) on RF/RHD were distributed to 33 schools. Doctor’s guideline modules, leaflets and posters to doctors of sub-registries were distributed. Various survey and study related forms include child record form, school survey form, consent form, registration form, patient card, requisition form, and monthly report form. Total 33 schools have been visited till now. Till date total number of throat swabs collected from schools was 1165.

The aim of this study to determine whether a pit fissure sealing teeth represents an effective method of decreasing the incidence of new dental caries, to gain the parents, teachers and Sumbangsih Education foundation acceptance on this new activity. Methods. The subjects were 7-11 year of age of 251 student of Sumbangsih Primary School, which located in Kemang, South Jakarta and Grogol, West Jakarta. Intra oral examinations and pit fissure sealing were done in the school dental clinic. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test. The results showed that, the number of student who receives pit-fissure sealant in primary school Kemang was 38%, and Grogol was 62%. The number of tooth with pit fissure sealant in 251 student was 825 tooth, however, the students who were received pit-fissure sealant age of 8 and 9 years old (40.36% and 43.39%) were higher then the other students of age 7, 10 and 11 years old. After 6 month evaluation, the occlusal sealant retention rates are including to, full complete retention in occlusal molar surface was 383 tooth had full retention higher significant than those of partial loss occlusant sealant retention (174 tooth). Nevertheless, the occlusal with complete sealant loos was significantly lower (p<0.001) than those of full occlusal sealant retention. The new decay was significantly decrease (p<0001) in all student, and almost 100% of parent of student were accepted the dental caries prevention through pit fissure sealant. further, almost more than 50% of tooth was still having a complete full retention glass-ionomer sealant. Conclusions. These findings were described that pit fissure sealant technique as an intervention for dental caries prevention in Sumbangsih primary school student could prevent the expansion of initial decay
Risqa Rina Darwita, Iwany Amalliah Preventive Intervention of Pit Fissure Sealant to Reduce New Dental Caries Incidence in the Student of Sumbangsih Primary Schools Jakarta // Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research, Vol. 6, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 386-388