http://scipeople.ru/publication/118623/; Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles for Plants in Experimental Aquatic System S. A. Ostroumov, V. A. Poklonov, S. V. Kotelevtsev, and S. N. Orlov Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia email: ostroumov@mail.bio.msu.ru Received April 10, 2013 Abstract: Increased production and use of nanomaterials can lead to new types of pollution of the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. Pollution of the aqueous environment with nanoparticles can be a new type of pollution of the environment. This requires a more detailed study of the biological effects during exposure of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms. The interactions of gold nanoparticles (Au) with aquatic macrophytes Ceratophyllum demersum have been studied. Aquatic microcosms with these plants were used. Gold nanoparticles (Au) were added to the aqueous medium of C. demersum macrophyte containing microcosms. The state of the plants was then analyzed. Phytotoxicity of Au nanoparticles for aquatic macrophytes was shown for the first time. A new method of phytotoxicity detection was suggested and successfully approved. Phytotoxicity at a concentration of Au (in the form of nanoparticles) of 6 . 10–6 M–1.8 . 10–5 M was shown. Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, V.A. Poklonov, S.V. Kotelevtsev, S.N. Orlov, 2014, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Biologiya, 2014, No. 3, pp. 19–23. Keywords: hydrobionts, aquatic, microcosms, macrophytes, nanoparticles, Au, Ceratophyllum demersum, gold, toxicity, phytotest, phytotoxicity, nanomaterials, nanotoxicity, nanotechnology DOI: 10.3103/S0096392514030080
ISSN 0096-3925, Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin, 2014, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 108–112. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2014.

ABSTRACT The development of reliable, eco-friendly processes for the production and application of nanoparticles in biology are important facts in present scenario of nanotechnology. Now a days nano-metal particles especially gold have drawn the attention of scientist because of their extensive application in the development of new technologies in the areas of medicine, biotechnology etc. One approach that shows immense potential is based on the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using medicinal plants. Withania somnifera also known as ashwagandha, Indian ginseng and winter cherry has plays a vital role in the ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for over 3000 years. Withania somnifera, or Ashwagandha, is native to drier parts of India and the world. The plants contain the alkaloids withanine and somniferine, which are used therapeutically. The roots are the main portion of the plant used therapeutically. As part of our investigation, we have observed that aqueous gold chloride when exposed to the plant extract is reduced in solution, thereby leading to the formation of an extremely stable gold nanoparticle. It is believed that the reduction of the metal ions occurs due to the presence of alkaloids and terpenoids of the plant extract. Appearance of the ruby red color confirms the gold nanoparticle synthesis and this was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry analysis at 540 nm. The biosynthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized for its shape of the crystal by Fourier Transform Infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and High resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). Further more the antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles were also carried out against Staphylococcus aureus (I-332), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (I-326), Proteus mirabilis (I-278) and Staphylococcus species (I-328, NFGNB (I-332). This preliminary study paves a greener technology for synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

Ostroumov S.A., Kolesov G.M. The aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum immobilizes Au nanoparticles after their addition to water. Dokl Biol Sci. 2010 (Mar-Apr); 431: 124-127. Affiliation: Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, and Institute of Geochemistry, Moscow, Russia. It was discovered that the aquatic plant (macrophyte) Ceratophyllum demersum immobilized gold (Au) nanoparticles after their addition to water. It is the first time it was shown. The method that was used to detect and measure the conctntrations of gold in the biomass of plants (phytomass) was NAA (neutron activation analysis). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20506851; PMID: 20506851 [PubMed] Key words: nanotechnology, nanoparticles, Au, gold, biogeochemistry, biotechnology, aquatic plants, macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum, Immobilization, water quality, monitoring, environmental science, ecology

http://scipeople.ru/publication/69766/; Ostroumov S. A., Kolesov G. M. The aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum immobilizes Au nanoparticles after their addition to water. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2010, Vol. 431, pp. 124–127. http://scipeople.com/publication/69766/ [© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., ISSN 0012-4966]. Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, G.M. Kolesov, 2010, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2010, Vol. 431, No. 4, pp. 566–569. Bibliogr. 15 refs. Presented by Academician M.A. Fedonkin July 31, 2009. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496610020158. This is the first time it was shown that the nanoparticles of gold (Au) in substantial amount bind to the living biomass of the aquatic macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum. The concentrations of Au were measured in the samples of the phytomass of the macrophyte using neutron activation analysis (NAA). As a result of the binding and/or immobilization of the nanoparticles, the amount of Au in the samples of the phytomass increased manifold above the background level of gold in the plant tissues. The increase was by two orders of magnitude. The new data added some new information to the modern vision of the multifunctional role of the biota in the migration of elements in aquatic ecosystems. Also, the result added new information to the studies of interactions of Au with organisms that may contribute to new biotechnologies. Key words: phytomass, biomass, aquatic macrophytes, plants, phytotechnologies, vegetation, biogenic migration of elements, aquatic microcosms, accumulation, nanoparticles, self-purification, neutron activation analysis, NAA, microcosms, gold, Au, immobilization, binding, Ceratophyllum demersum ISSN 0012-4966, Doklady Biological Sciences, 2010, Vol. 431, pp. 124–127. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2010. Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, G.M. Kolesov, 2010, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2010, Vol. 431, No. 4, pp. 566–569. The Aquatic Macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum Immobilizes Au Nanoparticles after Their Addition to Water S. A. Ostroumov (a) and G. M. Kolesov (b) Presented by Academician M.A. Fedonkin. DOI: 10.1134/S0012496610020158 a Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia b Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul.Kosygina 19, Moscow, 119991 Russia Study of biogenic migration of elements is an important line of biosphere research [1–8]. Biogenic migration of elements in aquatic ecosystems, both freshwater and saltwater, is important for water self- purification and quality formation [9–11]. Data on element accumulation and binding by aquatic organisms, including macrophytes, are important for analyzing the organisms’ important role in biogenic migration of elements in aquatic ecosystems. The concentrations of some elements were determined earlier in different biogenic samples, including hydrobionts and biogenic detrital substances [9, 10]. However, these data were based on a limited set of organisms and elements. There are no published data on either gold (Au) content in Ceratophyllum demersum L. or interaction between Au nanoparticles and aquatic macrophytes. The goal of this work was to study the immobilization of Au nanoparticles added to the water medium of microcosms in the presence of macrophyte hydrobionts C. demersum L.
Doklady Biological Sciences, 2010, Vol. 431, pp. 124–127. [© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., ISSN 0012-4966].