Estimating the effects of small doses of ionising radiation on DNA is one of the most important problems in modern biology. Different cytogenetic methods exist to analyse DNA damage; the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) for human peripheral blood lymphocytes is a simple, cheap and informative cytogenetic method that can be used to detect genotoxic-related markers. With respect to previous studies on radiationinduced genotoxicity, children are a poorly studied group, as evidenced by the few publications in this area. In this study, we assessed radon genotoxic effects by counting micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs)and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in the lymphocytes of children who are long-term residents from areas with high radon concentrations. In the exposed group, radon was found to cause significant cytogenetic alterations. We propose that this method can be employed for biomonitoring to screen for a variety of measures.
Journal of Radiation Research, 2014, 55, 61–66

ABSTRACT The micronucleus test is an effective method for determination of the evolution of genotoxic or clastogenic agents of physical and chemical functions. The micronuclei are formed due to the condensation lagging off of acentric chromosomes, chromatid fragments or entire chromosomes and also due to non introduction of them in main daughter nuclei during metaphase or anaphase of cell division. Formation of micronuclei reflects chromosome damage and thus provides a marker for carcinogenesis analysis. Acrylamide is an important industrial chemical used in waste water treatment, adhesives and grout, cosmetics and also in laboratories. It is genotoxic, in in vitro and in vivo, in both somatic and germ cells. Acrylamide induces chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei formation, sister chromatid exchanges, SS-DNA breaks, polyploidy, aneuploidy and other mitotic disturbances, dominant lethal and specific locus mutations. Therefore a study was made on micronuclei assay to evaluate the degree of genotoxicity of acrylamide and its toxicologic effects on rat’s reproductive system after intraperitoneal injection of different doses of acrylamide. The Acrylamide treatment to rats caused damage not only to peripheral blood cells and reticulocytes but also to spermatids. The formation of micronuclei was evidence in our present study though acrylamide may not be used directly. The indirect consumption of acrylamide definitely causes damage to almost all type of cells in the rats.

Genotoxicity of check embryo was characterized by the formation of micronuclei assay in erythrocytes of peripheral blood of incubated eggs in normal and stress conditions of Acrylamide and cadmium chloride. The exposure of eggs to chemicals suggests that the micro nucleated cells shall accumulate in circulating blood due to completely developed spleen. These micro nucleated cells were absent in the developmental stages, especially at day 11, of incubation at where extremely high rate of erythropoiesis can occur in check embryos. The genotoxicity of Acrylamide and cadmium chloride has been studied using day 8 to day 10 chick embryos and the results were discussed for day 11 embryos. The results on the formation of micronuclei were suggested that it was time and dose dependent anomaly produced by exposure of eggs to chemicals. At any given concentration of Acrylamide and cadmium chloride the formation of micronuclei was found more for these two chemicals and when compared to Acrylamide the cadmium chloride exposure was more effective in the production of modified erythrocytes. Therefore our studies on check embryo have revealed that the erythrocytes of bone marrow shall acquire DNA modification under the influence of cadmium chloride and Acrylamide. The earlier reports have already been confirmed that these two chemicals are germ line modifiers in various living organisms.

Effects of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the Mytilus galloprovincialis biomarker system. Liu B., Z. Yu, X. Song, F. Yang - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.011 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI Crown copyright © 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc. Bo Liu a, b, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Zhiming Yu a, Xiuxian Song a and Fei Yang b a Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China b Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization in Liaoning Province’s University, Dalian Fisheries University, Dalian 116023, China Received 3 August 2009; revised 3 December 2009; accepted 6 December 2009. Available online 31 December 2009. Abstract: The effects of in vivo exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to two anionic surfactants (SDBS and SDS) on the molecular biomarker system were studied. After continuous exposure for 72 days, activities/levels of GST, GPx and GSH were significantly higher than in corresponding control groups following exposure to 3.000 mg/L SDS and SDBS. Activities of SOD and CAT were significantly inhibited by experimental SDBS (except CAT in 0.100 mg/L group), but not by SDS. Statistical analysis of enzyme activities/levels suggested that there were significant positive relationships between GST and GPx, and negative relationships were found between GSH and CAT, GSH and SOD. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) results showed that a greater genotoxic effect was observed for SDBS than for SDS. Based on the above results, the biomarker system of mussels can be affected by the two anionic surfactants (≥3.000 mg/L); it was more easily affected by SDBS than by SDS. Fragment of the text: With large discharges of anionic surfactants every year, the effects of anionic surfactants on antioxidant enzymes of bivalve/fish have attracted more and more recent attention (Guilhermino et al., 2000; Ostroumov, 2003; da Silva and Meirelles, 2004; Romanelli et al., 2004; Wu et Keywords: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS); Mytilus galloprovincialis; Biomarker; Antioxidant enzymes; Genotoxicity; Metabolism Article Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Site description 2.2. Experimental organisms and chemicals 2.3. Experimental setup 2.3.1. Exposure experiment protocol 2.3.2. Biochemical indices analysis 2.3.2.1. Supernatant preparation 2.3.2.2. Measurement of the indices 2.3.2.3. Statistical analysis 2.3.3. DNA extraction and AFLP analysis 3. Results 3.1. Biochemical responses of mussels subjected to various treatments and pearson correlation coefficients between the indices detected in M. galloprovincialis 3.2. AFLP analysis 4. Discussion 4.1. Biochemical indices analysis 4.1.1. Phase II enzymes and cofactors 4.1.2. Oxidative stress parameters 4.1.3. Immunological parameters 4.2. Genotoxic parameter 5. Conclusion Acknowledgements References Thumbnail image Fig. 1. Map of the Jiaozhou Bay with locations of sampling stations. View Within Article Thumbnail image Fig. 2. Examples of AFLP pattern obtained comparing DNA from control (2) and treated (1) SDS 3.0 or (3) SDBS 3.0, using E35-M62. View Within Article Thumbnail image Fig. 3. Dendrogram, computed with SM index, defining genetic differences due to DNA sequences, between SDS 3.0 (1), SDBS 3.0 (3) and control (2). View Within Article Table 1. Sequences of primers used for AFLP analysis. View table in article View Within Article Table 2. Biochemical response (mean with standard deviation in parenthesis) of mussels subjected to various treatments and analysis. C, control; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDBS, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. View table in article GSH is reported as nmol/mg protein; GST is reported as nmol GSH consumed/mg protein/min; GPx is reported as μmol NADPH oxidized/mg protein/min; SOD is reported as U/mg protein/min; CAT is reported as ln(A1/A2)/(t2−t1)/mg protein; AKP is reported as mg phenol/mg protein/15 min; iNOS is reported as nmol NO/mg protein/min. *p<0.05, denotes statistically significantly different from the control group. View Within Article Table 3. Pearson correlation coefficients between the indices detected in Mytilus galloprovincialis (effect of SDS-above diagonal; effect of SDBS-below diagonal). View table in article (**p<0.01, *p<0.05) View Within Article Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization in Liaoning Province’s University, Dalian Fisheries University, Dalian 116023, China. ...
Effects of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the Mytilus galloprovincialis biomarker system. Liu B., Z. Yu, X. Song, F. Yang - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.011