Internet resource online: 3 blogs and papers on how organisms clean water: I would like to make three points: 1.In these three papers (mentioned in the blog below), the author demonstrated how aquatic invertebrates may contribute to making water clean and clear: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/677_Three_papers_on_filter-feeders_and_their_role_in_ecosystems; 2.In this paper (see the blog below), the same author discovered some new facts on how aquatic plants may contribute to making water clean and removing heavy metals from water: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/594_New_plant_species_as_a_potent_tool_to_clean_water_and_to_remove_heavy_metals; 3.In the opinion paper (see the blog below), the same author integrated various data on plants, animals, and microorganisms toward formulating a new holistic theory of how all organisms interact and benefit each other, and as a community function toward decontaminating water and increasing water quality: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/610_New_unified_theory_of_the_ecological_mechanisms_to_improve_water_quality_and_to_make_water_clear_a_basis_for_water_purification_and_waste_water_treatment;

The key blogs that open door to valuable info available ONLINE: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/633_Blogs_that_open_door_to_valuable_info_available_ONLINE_ECOLOGY_AND_ENVIRONMENT; A New unified THEORY OF THE ECOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO IMPROVE water quality and to make water clear: a basis for water purification and waste water treatment: A challenge in ecology is the multitude of factors that influence all ecological processes. It is difficult to find a balance when we analyze them. A new theory was created that unified and balanced many physical, chemical and biological factors that work together toward improving water quality. Key Issues: Earth Science, water purification, waste water treatment, modern ecological theory, water quality, self-purification, aquatic ecosystems, freshwater, marine, pollution control. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/610_New_unified_theory_of_the_ecological_mechanisms_to_improve_water_quality_and_to_make_water_clear_a_basis_for_water_purification_and_waste_water_treatment Contribution to the SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR WATER PURIFICATION AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT: an insight into the ecological mechanisms to improve water quality and to make water clear. A challenge in ecology is the multitude of factors that influence all ecological processes. It is difficult to find a balance when we analyze them. An answer was given to the problem of how to balance many physical, chemical and biological factors toward improving water quality. Issues considered or involved: water supply, sustainability, preventing pollution, pollution control, Earth science, life science, water purification, waste water treatment, modern ecological theory, water quality, self-purification, aquatic ecosystems, freshwater, marine, water objects; See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/610_New_unified_theory_of_the_ecological_mechanisms_to_improve_water_quality_and_to_make_water_clear_a_basis_for_water_purification_and_waste_water_treatment Does IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW depend on new improvement of ecological terms? Fundamental solutions suggested: To implement environmental law, it is necessary to have adequate, clear and precise interpretation (definitions) of the basic ecological terms, including the definition of ecosystem. The standard definition is vague. A new definition was published. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/608_Does_implementation_of_environmental_law_depend_on_new_improvement_of_ecological_terms_Fundamental_solutions_suggested New plant species as a POTENT TOOL TO CLEAN WATER AND TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS: This is the first time the phytoremediation potential of a new wide-spread species of plants was discovered. The plant removed the toxic metals cadmium, lead, copper, zinc (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) from water with great efficiency. As a result, water quality improved dramatically with prospect of new technology. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/594_New_plant_species_as_a_potent_tool_to_clean_water_and_to_remove_heavy_metals The Threat of Shampoo, Detergents, Foams to the Biosphere: This paper indicated that components of SHAMPOO POSE A DRAMATIC DANGER AND HAZARD to intimate ecosystem services that are a keystone for the security and stability of the biosphere. Foam from shampoo was found to be of much more environmental hazard than previously thought. http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/466_The_Threat_of_Shampoo_to_the_Biosphere A New Concept For Ecosystems: Major functions of ecosystem are traditionally being described in a dogmatic, stagnant, and antiquated way. A paper was published with a NEW CONCEPTUAL ADDITION to key functions of aquatic ecosystem: the latter is seen as a kind of a grand autonomous bioreactor governed by a diverse genetic pool. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/410_A_New_Concept_For_Ecosystems Stopping Pollution: Eutrophication and Algal Blooms: A new approach to PREVENT POLLUTION, EUTROPHICATION, AND ALGAL BLOOMS was identified and analyzed in this paper . The approach is based on efficient use of the natural mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystem. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/389_Stopping_Pollution_Eutrophication_and_Algal_Blooms Underwater Secrets of Global Change: What is the global change? Usually it is seen as something that is relevant to the atmosphere and weather. It is true that air is involved, but not only the air alone; what happens in water is less visible. This paper unveils this HIDDEN SIDE OF ECOSYSTEMS, and discusses both hopes and hazards. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/379_Underwater_Secrets_of_Global_Change Vulnerability of Major Plankton Groups: Rotifers: Welfare of the biosphere depends on filter-feeders that contribute to making water clean. Important new facts on the NEW TYPE OF HAZARD OF MAN-MADE DAMAGE TO THE BENEFICIAL FUNCTION of rotifers, which are plankton filter-feeders, were discovered. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/369_Vulnerability_of_Major_Plankton_Groups_Rotifers Three New Key Hazards to the Functioning of the Biosphere: A paper in which the author discovered MAN-MADE HAZARDS TO 3 ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONING of the biosphere and ecosystems: (1) formation of water quality; (2) bio-geochemical flows of C, N, P and other constituents of biomass; (3) formation of deposits of organic matter as bottom sediments. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/358_Three_New_Key_Hazards_to_the_Functioning_of_the_Biosphere Biodiversity and stability of ecosystems: The role of biodiversity in benefiting stability of ecosystems is a matter of a hot dispute. The matter of STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS is very important as it is a part of stability of the biosphere at the time of hazards of global change. Not much is known on whether biodiversity is instrumental for increasing stability of AQUATIC ecosystems. A research project was done that is filling the gap in knowledge on this controversial issue. A paper was published that provides a fresh analysis and new vision of how biodiversity helps towards better stability of aquatic habitats, i.e. water quality. To my mind, the paper mentioned below is a contribution to better understanding of the positive role of biodiversity in increasing stability of aquatic habitats and by doing so, to increasing the stability of aquatic ecosystem as a whole. I will be happy to know the opinion of other members of the network. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems.- Doklady Biological Sciences. Volume 382, Numbers 1-6, p.18-21.; ISSN0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online). DOI 10.1023/A:1014465220673]. Key Issues: Ecology, ecosystems, stability, habitats, role of biodiverstity, water quality, aquatic; http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/347_Biodiversity_and_stability_of_ecosystems Inhibitory Analysis: A NEW METHOD FOR ANALYZING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS in ecosystems: The author proposed a new approach to analyze a key ecological issue: the interactions between organisms in ecosystems. The new methodology proposed is inhibitory analysis. The author applied this approach to analyze trophic chains: the top–down control of plankton by benthic filter-feeders. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/299_Inhibitory_Analysis_A_new_method_for_analyzing_interactions_between_organisms_in_ecosystems New threat to water quality: discovery of the NEW IMPORTANT TYPE OF HAZARDS from pollution: Synecological summation of effects on different trophic levels: The common vision is that the main eco-hazard is effects on organisms that are the final target. This is an incorrect view. The paper discovers hazards from summation of mild effects on adjacent trophic levels. Example of effects of pollutants on filter-feeders, algae and water quality is given. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/276_New_threat_to_water_quality_discovery_of_the_new_important_type_of_hazards_from_pollution_Synecological_summation_of_effects_on_different_trophic_levels CRITERIA OF ECOLOGICAL HAZARDS DUE TO ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS on the biota: Searching for a system: The system of criteria for evaluation of eco-hazards of chemicals in W. Europe and N. America is outdated and does not guarantee environmental safety. The author gave a conceptual framework for an ecologically more sound system of criteria, with an example of its application to a real situation. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/255_Criteria_of_ecological_hazards_due_to_anthropogenic_effects_on_the_biota_Searching_for_a_system The Concept of Aquatic BIOTA AS A LABILE AND VULNERABLE COMPONENT OF THE WATER SELF-PURIFICATION System: The author formulated a new basic concept of the complex of organisms of aquatic ecosystem. According to the concept, the biota is a central, labile and vulnerable (to pollutants) part of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification and upgrade of water quality. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/262_The_Concept_of_Aquatic_Biota_as_a_Labile_and_Vulnerable_Component_of_the_Water_Self-Purification_System Innovative concept of ECOSYSTEM AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL BIOREACTOR, one of its functions is upgrading water quality: ecosystem service: An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. The author developed an innovative concept of ecosystem as a multifunctional bioreactor, one of its functions is upgrading water quality. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/241_innovative_concept_of_ecosystem_as_a_multifunctional_bioreactor_one_of_its_functions_is_upgrading_water_quality_ecosystem_service A NEW TYPE OF EFFECT OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS substances: A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagial–benthal coupling. Discovery of a new type of negative impact of pollutants on the biosphere, as the outcome of inhibition of water filtration by filter-feeder. See at: http://blog.researchgate.net/masterblog/180_A_new_type_of_effect_of_potentially_hazardous_substances KEY ISSUES considered or mentioned in the series of publications of the same author: self-purification, water quality, water bodies, reservoirs, streams, contaminants, pollutants, ecotoxicology, freshwater, marine, environmental safety, environmental security, sources of water, xenobiotics, polyfunctional role of biota, water, ecosystem functioning, hydrosphere, community, sustainable use, resources, environmental management, human impact, potential for water purification, ecosystem’s services, biological theory, application, reliability, external influences; anthropogenic, man-made effects, environmental practices, the new experimental results, cadmium, mollusks, eutrophication, a new concept, a two-level synergies, environmental chemoregulators, environmental chemomediators, hazards, damage to biota, economic evaluation, damage by the anthropogenic impact, water protection regime, special protected areas, microorganisms, aquatic, macro-organisms, plants, invertebrates, an analog of the bioreactor with the function of purifying water, nutrients, control of phytoplankton, consumers, trophic level, intraspecific interactions of organisms, pheromones, regulators, interspecific interactions, V.I. Vernadsky, biosphere, matter, the regulation, geochemical processes, transfer of matter, biogenic migration of chemical elements, increased mortality, the incidence of pathologies, uncoupling of plankton-benthic coupling, lethal, sublethal effects, populations of fish, conservation of gene pool, preservation of the ecological role of protected populations, biogeocenotic function, sulfate, cadmium, mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, copper sulphate, M. galloprovincialis, lead nitrate, potassium dichromate, TDTMA, M. edulis × M. galloprovincialis, a natural hybrid population; Crassostrea gigas, SDS, Triton X-100, Unio tumidus, detergent Tide, IXI, Fairy, the impact on the efficiency of removal of particulate matter, synthetic, laundry detergent, soap powder detergent, liquid detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, community, surface-active substances, surfactants, tensides, surfactant-containing mixtures, inhibition of water filtration, oysters, cationic, tetradecyltrimethylammonium, TDTMA, anionic, sodium dodecyl sulphate, nonionic, rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus, turbidostat, filter-feeders, suspension feeders, bivalves, undigested organic matter, bottom, sediments, trophic, activity, Lymnaea stagnalis, phytoplankton, macrophytes; microzooplankton; zooplankton, predatory, zoobenthos, fish, marine mammals, birds, the export of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved substances, suspended particles, sedimentation, bottom sediments, lakes, bays, sorption of pollutants, seston, detritus, aquatic organisms, organic matter, sediment, organic material film, the surface of the reservoir, hydrolysis, photochemical, transformation, photolysis, sensitization, biotic organic origin, redox, catalytic, free radicals, ligands of biological origin, the toxicity of pollutants, binding, soluble, dissolved organic matter, chemical oxidation, oxygen, photosynthesis, biotic, biotransformation, redox reactions, destruction, conjugation, respiration, extracellular enzymatic transformation, what is the rate of filtration of water by natural populations of Unionidae, Dreissenidae?; sorption of pollutants by pellets excreted by hydrobionts, preventing, slowing output of nutrients and pollutants from the sediments into the water, accumulation, the binding of nutrients and pollutants, benthic, how much carbon is removed from the lake ecosystem by imago of aquatic insects?; removal of P, N, P from the ecosystem, food, piscivorous birds, metamorphosis of amphibians, the sorption of pollutants, soil, watering the land by contaminated water, regulation, size, ecological chemoregulators, chemomediators, allochthonous, what are the quantitative estimates of the filtration activity of groups of aquatic organisms (ascidians, barnacles, bryozoans, echinoderms, bivalves, gastropods, polychaetes, sponges, nanoflagellates, ciliate, Crustacea)?; what are the quantitative estimates of the reduction of the filtration activity of mollusks under the effect of detergents, surfactants, detergents?; volatile fatty acids; constructed wetlands, phytoremediation, bioremediation, microcosm, pellets, feces, pseudofeces, quantitative parameters, bacterioplankton, eukaryotic, the stability of ecosystems, self-regulation, trophic, communications within ecosystem, transport of material, energy transfer, biocenosis, biotope, V.N. Sukachev, larvae, Black Sea, S.A. Ostroumov; priorities; key issues; contemporary issues of ecology, environmental science, biogeochemistry, preventing global change; zoobenthos; theoretical biology; биологический механизм, самоочищение, качество воды, водоемы, водотоки, загрязняющие вещества, ЗВ, экотоксикология, водный объект, пресноводные, морские, экологическая безопасность, источники водоснабжения, поллютанты, ксенобиотики, полифункциональная роль биоты, водные, экосистема, функционирование, гидросфера, сообщества, устойчивое использование, ресурсы, рациональное природопользование, антропогенное воздействие, полезные функции экосистем, сервисные функции, самоочистительный потенциал, биотестирование, теория, приложения, обобщающие положения, элементы теории, источники энергии механизмов самоочищения, структурно-функциональные блоки, система процессов, таксоны; надежность системы самоочищения, внешние воздействия; антропогенные, природоохранная практика, новые экспериментальные результаты, кадмий, моллюски, эвтрофирование, новая концепция, двухуровневый синергизм, экологические хеморегуляторы, экологические хемомедиаторы, понятие, биокосный, опасность, ущерб биоте, экономическая оценка ущерба при антропогенном воздействии, природохранный режим, специальные охраняемые территории, акватории, микроорганизмы, комплекс гидробионтов, макроорганизмы, растения, беспозвоночные, аналог биореактора с функцией очищения воды, биогены, контроль над фитопланктоном, консументы, трофический уровень, взаимодействующие трофические уровни, внутривидовые взаимодействия организмов, феромоны, регуляторы, межвидовые взаимодействия, В.И.Вернадский, биосфера, биогенная миграция элементов, биокосная, материя, биокосное природное тело, почва, природная, вода, регуляция геохимических процессов, биокосная регуляция перемещений вещества, повышение смертности, частота патологий, разобщение планктонно-бентического сопряжения, летальные, сублетальные воздействия, популяции промысловых рыб, сохранение генофонда, сохранение экологической роли популяций, биогеоценотические функции, сульфат кадмия, мидии, Mytilus galloprovincialis, сульфат меди, M. galloprovincialis, нитрат свинца, бихромат калия, M. edulis × M. galloprovincialis, природная гибридная популяция; Crassostrea gigas, ДСН, Тритон Х-100, перловицы, Unio tumidus, СМС ОМО, СМС Tide, СМС Лоск, СМС IXI, ЖМС Е, ЖМС Fairy, воздействие на эффективность изъятия взвеси, ВЭИ, синтетическое моющее средство; стиральный порошок, детергент, жидкое моющее средство; додецилсульфат натрия, метаногенное, сообщество, гидролитики, биополимеры, олигомеры, диссипотрофы, ЛЖК, синтрофы, водород, ацетат, гомоацетатные бактерии, гидротрофные метаногены, образование метана, ацетокластические метаногены, сульфидогенное, молочнокислые бактерии, лактат, сульфидогены, сероводород, гидрогенотрофные сульфидогены, ацетотрофные сульфидогены, гидротрофные метаногены, аноксигенное фототрофное, окислительный аноксический фототрофный фильтр, несерные фототрофные, бактерии, серные фототрофные, сульфат, окислительный аэробный фильтр (газотрофы), водородные, метанотрофы, органотрофные, тионовые, соединения серы, тиосульфат, серобактерии, поверхностно-активные вещества, ПАВ, ПАВ-содержащие смесевые препараты, ингибирование фильтрации воды, устрицы, катионный, тетрадецилтриметиламмоний бромид, ТДТМА, анионный, додецилсульфат натрия, неионогенный, коловратки, Brachionus calyciflorus, турбидостат, фильтраторы, двустворчатые, легочные, моллюски, неусвоенный органический материал, донные, осадки, трофическая, активность, Limnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea, фитопланктон, макрофиты; микрозоопланктон; мирный зоопланктон; хищный; зообентос; рыбы; морские млекопитающие, птицы, экспорт углерода, азот, фосфор, растворенные вещества, взвешенные частицы, ВОВ, седиментация, донные отложения, озера, заливы, сорбция ЗВ, сестон, детрит, гидробионты, органические вещества, осадки, седименты, пленка органических веществ, поверхность водоема, гидролиз, фотохимические, превращения, фотолиз, сенсибилизация, органическими биотического происхождения, редокс-каталитические, свободные радикалы, лиганды, биологического происхождения, токсичность ЗВ, связывание, растворенные, РОВ, химическое окисление, кислород, фотосинтез, биотические, биотрансформация, редокс-реакции, разрушение, конъюгация, сколько окисляется углерода в озерах в год в г С на 1 м2 зеркала поверхности озера?; дыхание, зоопланктон, внеклеточная ферментативная трансформация; какова скорость фильтрации воды природными популяциями Unionidae, Dreissenidae?; каков объем профильтрованной воды одним животным за сутки для кладоцер и копепод?; сорбция ЗВ пеллетами, экскретируемыми гидробионтами, предотвращение, замедление выхода биогенов и ЗВ из донных осадков в воду, аккумуляция, связывание биогенов и ЗВ, бентосные, сколько углерода выносится из экосистемы озера при вылете имаго водных насекомых?; вынос С, N, P из экосистемы, питание, рыбоядные птицы, выход на сушу, метаморфоз земноводных, сорбция ЗВ, почва, полив земель загрязненными водами, регуляция численности, экологические хеморегуляторы, хемомедиаторы, отношение Шредингера, аллохтонные, какова суммарная биомасса бактерий в эпипелагиали акватории Мирового океана ?; сколько углерода приходится на 1 квадратный метр океана?; какова доля бактерий в общей гетеротрофной деструкции в океане? каковы количественные глобальные оценки гетеротрофной бактериальной деструкции в эпипелагиали океана?; коэффициент эффективности использованной ассимилированной пищи на рост, каковы количественные оценки суммарной биомассы простейших и метазоопланктона в эпипелагиали?; каковы количественные оценки фильтрационной активности групп гидробионтов (асцидии, усоногие раки, мшанки, иглокожие, двустворчатые моллюски, гастроподы, полихеты, губки, нанофлагеллаты, цилиаты, ракообразные)?; каковы количественные оценки снижения фильтрационной активности моллюсков под воздействием детергентов, ПАВ, моющих средств?; летучие жирные кислоты; биоплато, ботанические площадки, биопруды, фиторемедиация, биоремедиация, микрокосм, аналог биореактора, сколько растворенного аллохтонного органического углерода поступает в расчете на 1 м2 озера?; сколько по весу листьев и древесного опада поступает ежегодно в озера?; пеллеты, фекалии, псевдофекалии, тонкие фильтраторы-нанофаги, количественные, параметры, бактериопланктон, эукариотные, протисты, дипломонады, кинетопластиды, эвглены, амебофлагелляты, динофлагелляты, инфузории, разножгутиковые, криптомонады, хоанофлагелляты, хитридиомицеты, стабильность экосистем, саморегуляция, S.A. Forbes; F.A. Forel, трофические, связи, перенос вещества, перенос энергии, биоценоз, биотоп, В.Н. Сукачев, Г.А. Заварзин, аппендикулярии Appendicularia, долиолиды Doliolidae, мелкие каляноиды Calanoida, меропланктон, личинки, грубые фильтраторы-эврифаги, ойтоны Oithona, онцеи Oncaea, крупные каляниды, эвфузииды Euphausiacea, удаление углерода (С), из воды эвтрофного оз. Эсром, Lake Esrom, Дания, оз. Миррор Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, озеро Мястро в Белоруссии, оз. Цаган-Нор, Забайкалье, оз. Любевое в Ленинградской области, Горьковское водохранилище, оз. Зун-Торей, оз. Лоренс, Lawrence Lake, Мичиган, Mirror Lake, США, Охотское, Черное море, С.А. Остроумов, biological mechanism, self-purification, water quality, water bodies, reservoirs, streams, contaminants, pollutants, ecotoxicology, freshwater, marine, environmental safety, environmental security, sources of water, xenobiotics, polyfunctional role of biota, water, ecosystem functioning, hydrosphere, community, sustainable use, resources, environmental management, human impact, potential for water purification, ecosystem’s services, biological theory, application, reliability, external influences; anthropogenic, man-made effects, environmental practices, the new experimental results, cadmium, mollusks, eutrophication, a new concept, a two-level synergies, environmental chemoregulators, environmental chemomediators, biokosny, hazards, damage to biota, economic evaluation of damage caused by the anthropogenic impact, water protection regime, special protected areas, microorganisms, aquatic, macro-organisms, plants, invertebrates, an analog of the bioreactor with the function of purifying water, nutrients, control of phytoplankton, consumers, trophic level, intraspecific interactions of organisms, pheromones, regulators, interspecific interactions, V.I. Vernadsky, biosphere, biokosnaya, matter, biokosnoe natural body, soil, natural water, the regulation of geochemical processes, regulation of transfer of substances, biogenic migration of chemical elements, increased mortality, the incidence of pathologies, uncoupling of plankton-benthic coupling, lethal, sublethal effects, populations of fish, conservation of gene pool, preservation of the ecological role of protected populations, biogeocenotic function, sulfate, cadmium, mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, copper sulphate, M. galloprovincialis, lead nitrate, potassium dichromate, TDTMA, M. edulis × M. galloprovincialis, a natural hybrid population; Crassostrea gigas, SDS, Triton X-100, Unio tumidus, detergent Tide, IXI, Fairy, the impact on the efficiency of removal of particulate matter, synthetic, laundry detergent, soap powder detergent, liquid detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, methanogenic, community, biopolymers, oligomers, syntrophs, hydrogen, acetate, methanogens, methane, lactic acid bacteria, lactate, sulfidogens, hydrogen sulfide, anoxic phototrophic, oxidation, anoxic phototrophic filter, nonsulfur phototrophic bacteria, phototrophic sulfur, sulfate, oxidative aerobic filter, methanotrophs, organotrophic, sulfur compounds, thiosulfate , sulfur bacteria, surface-active substances, surfactants, tensides, surfactant-containing mixtures, inhibition of water filtration, oysters, cationic, tetradecyltrimethylammonium, TDTMA, anionic, sodium dodecyl sulphate, nonionic, rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus, turbidostat, filter-feeders, suspension feeders, bivalves, undigested organic matter, bottom, sediments, trophic, activity, Lymnaea stagnalis, phytoplankton, macrophytes; microzooplankton; zooplankton, predatory, zoobenthos, fish, marine mammals, birds, the export of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved substances, suspended particles, sedimentation, bottom sediments, lakes, bays, sorption of pollutants, seston, detritus, aquatic organisms, organic matter, sediment, organic material film, the surface of the reservoir, hydrolysis, photochemical, transformation, photolysis, sensitization, biotic organic origin, redox, catalytic, free radicals, ligands of biological origin, the toxicity of pollutants, binding, soluble, dissolved organic matter, chemical oxidation, oxygen, photosynthesis, biotic, biotransformation, redox reactions, destruction, conjugation, how much carbon is oxidized in the lakes per year per 1 m2 of the surface of the lake?; respiration, extracellular enzymatic transformation, what is the rate of filtration of water by natural populations of Unionidae, Dreissenidae?; what is the volume of water filtered by one animal per day for Cladocera and copepods?; sorption of pollutants by pellets excreted by hydrobionts, preventing, slowing output of nutrients and pollutants from the sediments into the water, accumulation, the binding of nutrients and pollutants, benthic, how much carbon is removed from the lake ecosystem by imago of aquatic insects?; removal of P, N, P from the ecosystem, food, piscivorous birds, metamorphosis of amphibians, the sorption of pollutants, soil, watering the land by contaminated water, regulation, size, ecological chemoregulators, chemomediators, the Schrodinger ratio, allochthonous, what is the total biomass of bacteria in the epipelagial of the world ocean?; how much carbon does contain 1 square meter of the ocean?; what is the quantitative role of bacteria in total heterotrophic degradation in the ocean?; what are the quantitative global estimates of heterotrophic bacterial decomposition in epipelagial of ocean?; what are the quantitative estimates of the total biomass of protozoa and metazooplankton in epipelagial?; what are the quantitative estimates of the filtration activity of groups of aquatic organisms (ascidians, barnacles, bryozoans, echinoderms, bivalves, gastropods, polychaetes, sponges, nanoflagellates, ciliate, Crustacea)?; what are the quantitative estimates of the reduction of the filtration activity of mollusks under the effect of detergents, surfactants, detergents?; volatile fatty acids; constructed wetlands, phytoremediation, bioremediation, a microcosm, how much of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon enters per 1 m2 of the lake?; how much is the biomass of leaves and tree litter that arrives annually into the lake?; pellets, feces, pseudofeces, quantitative parameters, bacterioplankton, eukaryotic, Protista, diplomonads, Kinetoplastids, Euglena, amoeboflagellates, dinoflagellates, ciliates, kriptomonads, hoanoflagellates, Chytridiomycota, the stability of ecosystems, self-regulation, S.A. Forbes; F.A. Forel, trophic, communications within ecosystem, transport of material, energy transfer, biocenosis, biotope, V.N. Sukachev, G.A. Zavarzin, Appendicularia, doliolids Doliolidae, Calanoida, meroplankton, larvae, Oithona, Oncaea, Euphausiacea, removal of carbon (C) from eutrophic Lake Esrom, Denmark, Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, Lake Miastro in Belarus, Baikal area, Lake Lubevoe in the Leningrad region, Gorky Reservoir, Lake Zun-Torey, Lawrence Lake, Michigan, Mirror Lake, the Okhotsk Sea, Black Sea, S.A. Ostroumov; ЗВ –загрязняющее вещество; ПАВ - поверхностно-активные вещества, ТДТМА, - тетрадецилтриметиламмонийбромид, ДСН - додецилсульфат натрия, СМС - синтетическое моющее средство; ЖМС - жидкое моющее средство; ВЭИ - воздействие на эффективность изъятия взвеси, ЛЖК- летучие жирные кислоты; РОВ - растворенные органические вещества, ВОВ - взвешенные органические вещества;

Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view // Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232. http://scipeople.ru/publication/69542/ табл. Резюме на англ. и итальянск. (с.232) языках. Библ. 24 назв. Из содерж.: Обобщенные концепции фильтрации воды гидробионтами, роли и функций гидробионтов, участвующих в фильтрации воды в экосистемах. Додецилсульфат натрия (ДСН, SDS) 1 мг/л ингибировал фильтрацию (35-95 мин, 16°С) M. edulis и удаление клеток Isochrysis galbana из воды. В присутствии SDS количество клеток, оставшихся в воде неотфильтрованными через 95 мин, втрое превышало количество клеток в контроле без ДСН. Назв. на итальянск. яз.: Il filtraggio biologico e i procedimenti ecologici per l'auto-purificazione degli ecosistemi acquatici. According to one of the approaches to the definition of criteria for the phenomenon of life, the key attribute is the ability of the system for some self-regulating and self-supporting. Part of such holistic functions of aquatic ecosystems as self-regulating and self-supporting is their cleaning the water via a multitude of various mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to present some fundamental elements of the theory of ecosystem self-purification which emphasizes the importance of the four functional biological filters that are instrumental in purification and upgrading the quality of water in aquatic ecosystems. These functional filters are: (1) direct water filtering by aquatic organisms that are filter-feeders; (2) the filter (represented mainly by communities of aquatic plants/periphyton) which prevents input of pollutants and biogenic elements (N, P) from land into water bodies; (3) the filter (represented by benthic organisms) which prevents re-entry of pollutants and biogenic elements from the bottom sediments into the water; (4) the filter (represented by microorganisms attached to particles which are suspended in the water) that provides microbiological treatment of water column. New experimental data by the author reveal the role of man-made effects on the ecological machinery which purifies water. The analysis and discussion lead to the holistic theory of the natural process of bioremediation of aquatic ecosystems. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9857844?dopt=Abstract; PMID: 9857844 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE];
Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91(2). P.221-232, табл. Резюме на англ. и итальянск. (с.232) языках. Библ. 24 назв.

Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-purification. // Hydrobiologia. 2002 (Feb). v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646. http://www.moipros.ru/files/author_4_article_9.doc; www.springerlink.com/index/R9PTJEQ5FK8VLA6M.pdf; Keywords: self-purification, filter-feeders, surfactants, detergents, benthic bivalves, aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication, algal blooms, hazards of chemical pollution, water quality, phytoplankton, marine and freshwater invertebrates, clearance rate, biological effects of xenobiotics, pollutants ABSTRACT (A SHORT VERSION): Top-down control is an important type of interspecies interactions in food webs. It is especially important for aquatic ecosystems. Phytoplankton grazers contribute to the top-down control of phytoplankton populations. The paper is focused on the role of benthic filter feeders in the control of plankton populations as a result of water filtering and the removal of cells of plankton from the water column. New data on the inhibitory effects of surfactants and detergents on benthic filter-feeders (Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, Mytilus galloprovincialis, M. edulis, and Crassostrea gigas) are presented and discussed. Importance and efficiency of that approach to the problems of eutrophication and water self-purification is pointed out. Chemical pollution may pose a threat to the natural top-down control of phytoplankton and water self-purification process. The latter is considered an important prerequisite for sustainable use of aquatic resources. ABBREVIATIONS: CR - clearance rate; LAS - linear alkylbenzene sulphonate; NOEC - No observable effect consentration; QSAR – quantitative structure - activity relationship; SFG - Scope for Growth; SDS – sodium dodecyl sulphate; TDTMA - tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; TX100 - Triton X-100 ADDENDUM TO THE ABSTRACT (EXTENDED VERSION): 1. INTRODUCTION By definition, the organisms of the two adjacent trophic levels interact with each other so that the organisms of the higher trophic level may produce some effect on the organisms of the lower trophic level. If the latter are not too abundant, the effects of the organisms of the higher level lead to limiting, decreasing or stabilizing the populations of the organisms of the lower trophic level. These effects might be considered a control or a partial control of the organisms of the lower trophic level. Many examples of interactions of that type were studied in various natural and experimental systems (Table 1). The significance of top-down control attributes additional importance to studies of the grazing activity of crustaceans (e.g., Sushchenya, 1975; Gutelmaher, 1986), rotifers (e.g., Monakov, 1998; Bul’on et al., 1999), protozoan plankton (e.g., Bul’on et al., 1999), and benthic invertebrates (e.g., Alimov, 1981; Donkin et al., 1989, 1991; Zaika, 1992; Ogilvie & Mitchell, 1995; Widdows et al., 1995a, Widdows et al., 1995b; Newell, 1999), and other invertebrates (Monakov, 1998). In aquatic ecosystems, the problem of the control of the organisms of the lower trophic level (algae) is of outstanding importance because it is relevant to the problem of eutrophication. Also, control mechanisms are important in better understanding the problem of algal blooms, including the toxic algae blooms. To avoid over-simplification, we should realize that there are many factors that regulate the abundance of algal populations; top-down control is only one of them. Many species of invertebrates of both plankton and benthos belong to the higher trophic level as compared with algae and cyanobacteria of phytoplankton. As for zooplankton species and their filter-feeding activity, an important body of information was presented and analyzed in (Sushchenya, 1975; Gutelmaher, 1986). Filtering activity of benthic species has also been studied (e.g., Alimov, 1981; Ostroumov et al., 1997, 1998). In this paper we focus on some species of invertebrates of benthos, which are filter-feeders and in this capacity contribute to the top-down control of phytoplankton. 2. ROLE OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN FILTERING WATER AND RESULTING PHYTOPLANKTON GRAZING: FILTER-FEEDERS The diversity of benthic organisms that filter water and remove algal cell and other particulate matter is broad. Filter-feeders inhabit the bottom of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. To facilitate broader general conclusions, in this paper we will consider both freshwater and marine organisms. The range of filter-feeders includes sponges, polychaetes, molluscs, echinoderms, larvae of many insects, ascidians, and some other invertebrates. There are many examples of massive scale water filtering by benthos (e.g., Table 2; see also: Alimov, 1981; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999). It was shown that in some man-made reservoirs the total volume of water is filtered by benthic bivalves 2-24 times annually (e.g., Konstantinov, 1979). In a shallow lake in New Zealand the total volume is filtered during a time period of less than 2 days (Ogilvie & Mitchell, 1995). Equally massive filtering activity was discovered for the benthic sponges in the coastal waters of Lake Baikal which stores 22, 995 km3 of superb clean water (for comparison, the amount of the annual world consumption of freshwater was 3, 240 km3, and the annual freshwater withdrawal in Europe was 359 km3, in North and Central America 697 km3; the data for year 1987) (World Resources 1995-1995). As a result of water filtering, algal cells are removed from the water column. It is important that some filter-feeders (e.g., bivalves) remove more algae than they need for feeding purposes. Excessive amounts of algae biomass and other particulate matter are excreted in the form of pellets (to distinguish them from regular faeces they are called pseudofaeces) which are larger in size than the algal cells and therefore they settle to the bottom rapidly. The amount of pseudofaeces may exceed the amount of the assimilated food manyfold. As a result, the total activity of bivalve molluscs in removing algal biomass from the water column and in making water clearer is far beyond just the trophic needs of bivalves. The total weight of organic matter that is removed from a water column and deposited as bottom sediments is measured as high as kilograms per m2 per year. E.g., in the ecosystem of the man-made reservoir Volgogradskoe, the amount of the formerly suspended matter that was removed by molluscs from the water column and finally sedimented was 8.3 kg m-2 annually (Kondratiev, 1976; cited in Konstantinov, 1979). For the entire reservoir that is located in the center of the largest European river, the amount of sedimented matter was as high as 29 million tons. 3. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF XENOBIOTICS AND POLLUTANTS: A DECREASE IN WATER FILTRATION AND ASSOCIATED PHYTOPLANKTON GRAZING Man-made chemicals can produce strong inhibition of water filtering by benthic molluscs or impair the normal pattern of opening bivalves which is needed to maintain the efficient filtration of water. Some examples of those effects are given in Table 3. More examples could be found in literature (e.g., Stuijfzand, 1995; Ostroumov, 1998). The experiments were usually conducted using some phytoplankton species as the organism that is being removed from the water column during the filtration experiment. Thus, in experiments with bivalve Mytilus edulis, the algae Isochrysis galbana are often used (Donkin et al., 1997; Ostroumov et al., 1997; 1998). In our experiments with M. galloprovincialis (see below) we have observed a xenobiotic-induced decrease in grazing phytoplankton cells of Monochrysis lutheri and Dunaliella viridis. In our experiments with freshwater bivalves Unio tumidus and U. pictorum, we described some pollutant-induced inhibition of the removal of green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and cyanobacteria Synechocystis. The major part of our experiments were done in the laboratory. Under field conditions, it was described that in polluted habitats the biomass and vitality of bivalves declined (Zaika, 1992), which means that their contribution to water filtering is negatively affected. It was possible to develop an integrative parameter, Scope for Growth (SFG) which enables the scientist to estimate the total amount of energy available for the population of mussels for its growth and reproduction (after deduction of the amount of energy is lost during respiration etc.) (Widdows et al., 1995a, 1995b). It was shown that in terms of the entire populations, in polluted habitats the reduced filtration and reduced intake of energy from digested plankton (and seston as a whole) led to the fact that SFG was reduced. 4. MORE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES AND NEW DATA: INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS We have initiated a systematic study of the effects of another class of aquatic pollutants, namely surfactants, on the water-filtering activity of bivalves and on the resulting removal of algal cells from the water column. Among the various organic chemicals that are entering the natural environment in large amounts (Yablokov & Ostroumov, 1983, 1985, 1991), surfactants play a significant role (Ostroumov, 1986; 1990; 1991; 1994 a; 1994b; Marcomini et al., 1988; Quiroga et al., 1989; Granmo et al, 1991; Fernandez et al., 199; Lewis, 1991; Takada & Ishiwatari, 1991; Chalaux et al., 1992; Terzic & Ahel, 1993). It was shown that surfactants produce negative and sometimes also stimulatory effects on cyanobacteria (Waterbury & Ostroumov, 1994), green algae (e.g., Goryunova & Ostroumov, 1986), diatoms (Ostroumov & Maertz-Wente, 1991), plant seedlings (Ostroumov, 1986; 1990; 1991; Nagel et al., 1987; Maximov et al., 1988; Telitchenko & Ostroumov, 1990), shrimp (Drewa et al., 1988), Daphnia magna and D. pulex (e.g., Maki & Bishop, 1979; Martinez et al., 1989), freshwater amphipods (Pantani et al., 1995), rotifers (Kartasheva & Ostroumov, 1998), fish (e.g., Versteeg & Shorter, 1992; Malcolm et al., 1995). Some data on the effects of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk (Bressan et al., 1989; Marin et al., 1993), Mytilus edulis (Granmo, 1972) and some other marine benthic species (Marin et al., 1991) are available. However, almost nothing was known about the effects of alkylsulfates, nonionic surfactants (derivatives of nonylphenols), and some other surfactants as well as detergents on the filtering activity of Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, Unio tumidus, and U. pictorum. The purpose of the experimental part of this work was to obtain data on the effects of some surfactants and surfactant-containing products including detergents, on the ability of bivalves (M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Unio tumidus, and U. pictorum) to filter water and remove algal or other cells from it. Freshwater mussels Unio sp. were collected in the Moscow River. Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected at the Black Sea. Crassostrea gigas were grown at a mariculture farm (the Black Sea, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas NANU). M. edulis were collected at the Exmouth estuary and kept in tanks with aeration , water flow and periodic automatic imitation of low tide (water was removed out of tanks for 3 h every day) (Dr. Donkin’s participation and help in the work with M. edulis is acknowledged). The temperature in experiments with M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas was mostly 22-27 C, in the experiments with Unio sp. 18-20 C. The cell removal and the cell density during the filtration by molluscs was measured using Hitachi 200-20 spectrophotometer (experiments with Unio sp.) and SF-26 (LOMO) spectrophotometer (experiments with M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas). In experiments with M. edulis (temperature 16 C), the number of cells per unit of volume was measured using the Coulter counter ( Coulter Electronics, model Industrial D). When a sample of filtered water without adding algae was used, the Coulter count was usually below 200. The clearance rate (CR) was calculated according to Widdows & Salkeld (1993) using the following equation: CR (l h-1) = (Volume of water e.g. 2 l) x (loge C1 -- logeC2)/time interval in h where C1 and C2 are cell concentrations at the beginning and end of each time increment (e.g. 0.5 h). Statistical analysis was performed using EXCEL software. For linear regression analysis, an option was used which gives an opportunity to fix the intercept at a predetermined value. Several chemicals were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (molecular mass 288.38) was purchased from Fluka. The purity was > 99% (assayed by GC, analysis number 332533/1 395). Triton X-100 (TX100) (x = 9-10 ethoxy units, H2O < 1 %, residue on ignition, 0.2%, analysis number 43306/1 795) was purchased also from Fluka. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA, molecular mass 336.4) was purchased from Sigma (St.Louis, Missouri, 63178 USA; lot 55H1322). Detergents used were available commercially. Results of the experimentation were as following. Freshwater bivalves, Unio tumidus and U. pictorum removed planktonic cells from water. The ability to do so was inhibited by surfactants of several types (Table 4), including TDTMA, and TX100 . A marine species, M. galloprovincialis, was also efficient in removing from water cells of phytoplankton and unicellular organisms in general. Several surfactants as well as detergents which contain surfactants inhibited this ability of M. galloprovincialis (Table 4). The chemicals tested included surfactants TDTMA, SDS, and several detergents, such as Tide-Lemon, Lotos-Extra, Losk-Universal. In experiments with M. edulis, after one hour of filtering, in the control set (clean water) the number of algal cells per unit of volume decreased to almost 5.6% of the initial level, which is a good example of how efficiently bivalves can control planktonic populations (Table 5). This is in accord with the large amount of data on the significant filtration rates of bivalves (Alimov, 1981; Monakov, 1998) and their impact on ecosystems (Zaika, 1992). In the important series of measurements, in the control beakers (filtration of unpolluted water) the number of algal cells decreased by a factor of 15.98, while in the beakers with SDS (1 mg l–1) the number of cells decreased by a factor of 7.93. Thus, the algal cell density in control was half that in the system at the initial concentration of 1 mg l–1. The difference increased by the end of the experiment. When the initial concentration of SDS was 2 mg l–1, a substantial difference from the control set was observed after the first half-hour period (Table 6). After 65 min of filtering, the algal cell density in the control set was almost 1/3 that contained in the system with SDS. Further increase of the initial concentration of SDS up to 4 mg l–1 caused a dramatic 3-times increase of the cell density over that in the control set after only 35 min of filtering. In 65-min of filtering, the difference was 6-fold, and following 95-min filtering - over 14-fold. At the initial concentration of SDS 5 mg l–1, the difference between systems with and without SDS was over 16-fold after 125 min of filtering. It was possible to calculate the clearance rate (CR), using a standard formula widely accepted in the literature ( Donkin et al. 1989; 1991; Widdows & Salkeld, 1993). The summary of the inhibitory effects shows, with a few exceptions, two general trends: 1) an increase in the initial concentration of SDS in the range of 0.5 to 5 mg l–1 gave rise to an the increase in the inhibitory effect on CR (Table 7); 2) at any given concentration of SDS, the highest effect took place during the first 30-min period, with some decrease in the inhibitory effect by the end of the experiment. The latter trend, however, was not paralleled by a mitigation of the effect on the residual algal cell density in the water. When the cell density was considered, the difference from the control was maximal by the end of the experiment. Using another chemical, a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, we obtained similar data with EC50 close to that of SDS (Table 8). At a concentration of 4 mg l–1, the inhibition of the clearance rate during the time period of 30 min after the beginning of the experiment was almost 10-fold, and during the later period of time, the inhibition was about 5-fold. The data obtained in our study showed that the filtering activity of mussels demonstrated a more sensitive response than some other biotests we had used in our experiments in bioassaying SDS, including green algae (Goryunova & Ostroumov, 1986) and plant seedlings (Nagel et al., 1987). The filtering activity of mussels was also more sensitive to SDS than some of the traditional lethal biotests with aquatic invertebrates and fish which had been applied for studies of LAS and alkyl sulfates (Sivak et al., 1982; Ostroumov, 1991). It is noteworthy that the inhibitory effect of SDS on CR was developed within a rather narrow range of SDS concentrations (1 to 5 mg l–1). That could be in accord with a hypothesis that the decrease in CR is at least in part the result of a behavioural response of mussels. Our data on effects of SDS are in good agreement with the results obtained by other authors who studied effects of another anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on filtering rate. It was shown that in experiments with exposure for 48 h and 96 h the filtration rate of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis was reduced when concentration of dissolved LAS was higher than 1.5 mg l–1 (Bressan et al., 1989). In our experiments the biotest was slightly more sensitive as we exposed the animals to the surfactant for 1.5 h prior to beginning measurements and observed some inhibition at the initial concentration of 1 mg l–1. Bressan et al. (1989) studied also effects of LAS on the growth of mussels and on mortality and spermatozoids of freshwater bivalve molluscs. They observed some decrease in the increment of length of the major axis of the shell of mussels at concentrations of LAS as low as 0.25 and 0.5 mg l–1, but the effect required up to 70 days to be observed. No significant effects were found within 30 days of their experiments. The length of time that was necessary to reveal the effect was a limitation of the technique, however it was impressive to observe almost a 2-fold decrease in growth when the chronic experiment with a relatively low level of LAS (0.25 mg l–1 ) lasted for 160 days and more. In a parallel experiment the same authors observed a 30% increase in the respiration of LAS-treated (220 days, 0.25 mg l–1 ) young mussels (Bressan et al., 1989). Unfortunately, they did not specify what they called young mussels. Some decrease in filtering rate was observed in another set of experiments when the concentration of LAS was 0.25 mg l–1 , but the duration of the surfactant treatment was much longer (220 days) than in our experiment, and the size of mussels was again not specified (Bressan et al., 1989). Also, they have shown that, at a concentration of 1 mg l–1, LAS inhibited the filtration rate after 7 days of exposure. It seems important that in our experiments we observed effects after only 1.5 hours of exposure to the anionic surfactant. The LC50 (48 h) was about 40 mg l–1 and LC50 (96 h) was about 1.7 mg l–1 (Bressan et al., 1989), which was much lower than in the case of freshwater bivalves Anodonta cygnea and Unio elongatulus. For the latter two species, LC50 (96 h) was about 200 mg l–1 (Bressan et al, 1989). The mobility of spermatozoa of A. cygnea was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of LAS equal to 20 mg l–1. Measurements of CR were used to quantify the toxic effects of chemicals and to study QSAR (Donkin & Widdows, 1990) for various chemicals, including alkanes and phenyl alkanes (Donkin et al., 1991) as well as such aromatics as toluene, naphthalene, n-propylbenzene, 1-chloronaphthalene, biphenyl etc. (Donkin et al., 1989). Two xenobiotics, including an organotin compound, inhibited the fitration rate by Dressena polymorpha and Crenomytilus grayanus (Mitin, 1984). The filtering activity of not only bivalves, but also of other filter-feeders is vulnerable to the inhibition by surfactants. In experiments with rotifers Brachionus angularis Gosse, we have shown that TDTMA inhibited their filtration rate and the removal of cells of Chlorella sp. from the water (Kartasheva & Ostroumov, 1998). At a TDTMA concentration of 0.5 mg l–1, the average efficiency of filtration was 58.5% of that in control. However important these kinds of studies of CR are, it is also important to consider the general consequences of a decrease in the CR for the ecosystem. The role of the filtering activity of mussels is connected with their high population densities. It was estimated that at Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, mussels represented about 77% (11 kg m -2) of the total community dry weight (Nixon et al., 1971), and numbers of the same order of magnitude were reported for other locations (Seed & Suchanek, 1992). Taking into account that, in our experiments, one mussel with a total wet weight about 8.5 g filtered over 1 L of water per hour, it is easy to estimate that, at high abundancy, a mussel community may filter over 100 L water per hour per 1 m2 of the sea bottom. A comparison of the tables for residual cell densities and CR for specific concentrations of surfactants shows that even a small decrease in CR produces a large difference in the residual cell density. The latter parameter may be considered as a model for any kind of particles which are being removed from the seawater by mussel filtering. In this way we may predict a huge decline in the natural ability of benthic communities to purify natural water when the water is polluted by surfactants as well as by other chemicals reducing the CR. Changes (inhibition) of the filtering activity of bivalves might have many consequences in changing many parameters and processes in ecosystems, which were considered in more detail in (Ostroumov et al., 1997; 1998; Ostroumov, 1998). Those considerations show that the inhibition of CR has consequences not limited by the prosperity of the mussel population, but that it is important for the state of the marine and estuarine ecosystems in much broader terms. Prospects of chemical-induced inhibition of water filtration by bivalves poses some ecological hazards in view of the role of bivalves in eutrophication control. The latter was studied in the case of the ecosystem of Chesapeake Bay (the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.) (Newell et al., 1999). 5. SENSITIVITY OF PLANKTON GRAZERS TO XENOBIOTICS - ANALOGOUS EVIDENCE FOR ZOOPLANKTON Analysis of the specific LC50 for Cladocera and various species of algae shows that in case of many pollutants Cladocera are more sensitive than algae. According to the data disseminated at the recent workshop in Netherlands (9-12 December 1999, Den Helder, TNO; participants of the research project: M. Scholten, R. Jak, B. Clement, E. Foekema, P.Hernandez, K.Kaag, H. van Dokkum, M. Smit), in the case of the following pesticides, species of Cladocera (mainly Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia) are more sensitive: anilazin, benomyl, bentazon, cyfluthrin, dimethoat, lindan, maneb, zineb, and ziram. In case of several pesticides, it was directly shown that the inhibitory effects on feeding were observed at lower concentrations, than the concentrations which induced mortality. EC50 (effects on feeding within 4-24 h) were lower than LC50 (24-48 h) for endosulfan, diazinon, methyl parathion, lindan, and dichlobenil (according to the data distributed at the same workshop). In case of atrazine, a concentration of 1.6 mg l–1 within 10 min produced 50% reduction in feeding, which shows again that feeding activity is inhibited at concentrations lower than those inducing mortality: LC50 (48 h) was 9.88 mg l–1. Also, NOEC (No observable effect concentration) was the basis for comparing sensitivities of Cladocera and various species of algae to pesticides. In case of the following chemicals a higher sensitivity of Cladocera was found: azinfos-methyl, cyromazin, diazinon, dimethoat, endosulfan, fenpropathrin, malathion, mecoprop, propoxur, trifluralin, and some other pesticides. All these data as well as the new evidence in the experiments conducted at TNO during the project led by Dr. M. Scholten (see Table 1) are in accord with the concept that pollutants may impair top-down control of algae. This conclusion is analogous to the conclusion made by us on the basis of our data for benthic filter-feeders. 6. SYNOPTIC OVERVIEW AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Some benthic organisms, including spongi, polychets, bivalves, echinoderms, larvae of insects, ascidia and some others proved to be efficient organisms in filtering water and thereby in reducing the amount of particulate matter suspended in the water. Benthic filter-feeders remove from the surrounding water various suspended particles including algal cells. By doing so, they contribute to natural mechanisms that keep algal populations under some control. That type of top-down control under some circumstances might become especially important. The problem of algal blooms in the context of eutrophication is increasing attention to all mechanisms of control of algal populations including the control by virtue of water filtering by benthic filter-feeders, including bivalves. Some pollutants were shown to be efficient inhibitors that decrease water filtering and resulting grazing phytoplankton. Those chemicals produced a decrease in removal of algae from water column by bivalves. The author initiated systematic studies of effects of surfactants and detergents on filtering activity and removal of algae by freshwater and marine bivalves. Marine and freeshwater bivalves Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and Unio sp. are efficient in removing unicellular organisms from water in result of their filtration activity. They are capable of drastically reducing the amount of cells of phytoplankton in water. This is an important mechanism contributing to natural control of algal populations in ecosystems. This regulatory mechanism is vulnerable to aquatic pollutants as exemplified by surfactants and detergents. New data are obtained and presented in this paper on how surfactants (anionic, non-ionic, and cationic ones) and surfactant-containing detergents inhibit the ability of marine and freshwater bivalves to remove cells of algae and cyanobacteria from water. On the basis of our new data, the final conclusion is that the new evidence support the views proposed in (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999; 2000c; 2000e) about the vulnerability of the filtration activity of invertebrates (both planktonic and benthic animals) to some pollutants, including surfactants. Our data and general conclusion are in accord with the idea that pollutants can induce reduction in grazing efficiency of benthic and planktonic invertebrates. We consider the studies of inhibitory effects of chemicals on fiter-feeders as an effective approach to elucidating the details of filter-feeding and associated removal of phytoplankton from the water column. The mechanisms and rates of plankton removal are of utmost importance for controlling levels of plankton which are the key parameters in processes of eutrophication and algal blooms. Water filtering activity of invertebrates is part of water self-purification in ecosystems. The self-purification of water is one of preconditions for the sustainable use of water resources. Therefore, the vulnerability of filter-feeders to aquatic pollutants (including surfactants and detergents) leads to a potential threat to the sustainable use of aquatic resources in situations when the ability of ecosystems to purify water is inhibited by pollutants. In sum, on the basis of the data presented here and in some of our publications (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999; 2000a; Ostroumov et al., 1997, 1998; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999), the following inferences are to be made: 1. Surfactants inhibit the filtering ability of marine and freshwater bivalves with a drastic effect on the amount of particulate material (modelled here by algal cells) left in the water. 2. When considering the environmental importance of surfactants and detergents (and of a broader range of xenobiotics and pollutants as well), the ramifications relevant to disturbance of the natural ability of the ecosystem to control phytoplankton populations should be taken into account. 3. Our new data are in accordance with the opinion (Ostroumov, 1990; 1991; 2000b; 2000c; 2000d; Telitchenko & Ostroumov, 1990; Yablokov & Ostroumov, 1991) that surfactants, if being discharged into the environment at substancial rates, might, under some circumstances and in some ecosystems, become more significant as environmental pollutants than it was thought before. 4. We make the prediction that many new examples are to be found of pollutants (both organic and inorganic) which inhibit filtration rate of filter-feeders (not only bivalves, but also other benthic and plankton organisms) and by doing so reduce the ability of invertebrates to control unicellular plankton populations. We predict that new examples are to be found of pollutants which inhibit the ability of invertebrates to control eutrophication. 5. Sustainable use of resources of aquatic ecosystems requires as an important pre-condition the efficient functioning of the ecosystems towards self-regulating and water self-purification. This pre-requisite includes normal functioning of top-down control excercised by the organisms at the higher levels of the trophic chains of ecosystems. 6. Studies of inhibitory effects of chemicals on the top-level organisms (e.g., grazers of plankton, including benthic filter-feeders) are a useful approach in obtaining information on the top-down control in trophic chains. LIST OF TABLES: Table 1. Top-down control in various natural and experimental systems (examples). Table 2. Water-filtering activity of benthic organisms in some ecosystems (examples). Table 3. Xenobiotics and contaminants that were shown to inhibit water-filtering activity of bivalves. Table 4. New data on the inhibitory effect of surfactants and products that contain surfactants on the filtration efficiency of bivalve molluscs. 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Riley 2 and Ritchie D. Taylor 3 (1) Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA; (2) Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, 1124 Regal Row, Austin, Texas 78748, USA; (3) Department of Public Health, Centre for Water Resource Studies, Western Kentucky University, 1 Big Red Way, EST 437, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA; - - - -------------------- Medit. Mar. Sci., 8/2, 2007, 19-32; Mediterranean Marine Science; Volume 8/2, 2007, 19-32; Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece Y. CHATZINIKOLAOU 1, 2 and M. LAZARIDOU 1 1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Hellas; - - - - - Impact of Dam Construction on Water Quality and Water Self-Purification Capacity of the Lancang River, China. - Water Resources Management [Springer Netherlands], ISSN 0920-4741 (Print) 1573-1650 (Online), Volume 23, Number 9, 2009 (July). DOI 10.1007/s11269-008-9351-8; pp. 1763-1780; GuoLiang Wei 1, 2, ZhiFeng Yang 1, BaoShan Cui 1 Contact Information, Bing Li 2, He Chen 1, JunHong Bai 1 and ShiKui Dong 1 (1) State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China (2) Nuclear and Radiation Safety Centre, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China - - - ---------------------------------------- Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model Authors: N. R. Samal a; A. Mazumdar b; K. D. Joumlhnk c;nF. Peeters d Affiliations: a Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India; b School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; c Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany d Limnologisches Institut, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Published in: journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2009, pages 215 – 225 - - - - ------- Lake and Reservoir Management Bhatti, Zafar Water Environment Research [Water Environ. Res.]. Vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 2106-2154. Oct 2004. - - ------------------------------------- the examples were added on April 11, 2010.
Hydrobiologia. 2002. v. 469, p. 117-129. DOI 10.1023/A:1015559123646.

Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002 (February), 469: 203-204. DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1; http://www.springerlink.com/content/hcrfvmdncdm8e3pf/ Key words: water quality, water purification, self-purification, biodiversity, pollutants, ecosystem services, freshwater, marine, aquatic ecosystems, sustainability, xenobiotics, sustainable use of aquatic resources, aquatic biota, functioning of ecosystems, environmental safety Sustainable use of aquatic resources is based on the ability of aquatic ecosystems to maintain a certain level of water quality. Water self-purification in both freshwater and marine ecosystems is based on a number of interconnected processes (e.g., Wetzel, 1983; Spellman, 1996; Ostroumov 1998, 2000). Among them are: (1) physical and physico-chemical processes, including: (1.1) solution and dilution of pollutants; (1.2) export of pollutants to the adjacent land areas; (1.3) export of pollutants to the adjacent water bodies; (1.4) sorption of pollutants onto suspended particles and further sedimentation of the latter; (1.5) sorption of pollutants by sediments; (1.6) evaporation of pollutants; (2) chemical processes, including: (2.1) hydrolysis of pollutants; (2.2) photochemical transformations; (2.3) redox-catalytic transformations; (2.4) transformations including free radicals; (2.5) binding of pollutants by dissolved organic matter, which may lead to decreasing toxicity; (2.6) chemical oxidation of pollutants by oxygen; (3) biological processes, including: (3.1) sorption, uptake and accumulation of pollutants by organisms; (3.2) biotransformations (redox reactions, degradation, conjugation), mineralization of organic matter; (3.3) transformation of pollutants by extracellular enzymes; (3.4) removal of suspended matter and pollutants from the water column in the process of water filtering by filter-feeders; (3.5) removal of pollutants from the water in the process of sorption by pellets excreted by aquatic organisms; (3.6) uptake of nutrients (including P, N, and organic molecules) by organisms; (3.7) biotransformation and sorption of pollutants in soil (and removal of nutrients), important when polluted waters are in contact with terrestrial ecosystems; (3.8) a network of regulatory processes when certain organisms control or influence other organisms involved in water purification. Living organisms are involved in physical, physico-chemical and chemical processes 1.1-1.6 and 2.1-2.6 directly or through excretion of oxygen or organic metabolites, production of suspended matter, affecting turbidity, temperature of water or other parameters of the ecosystem. As a result, living organisms are the core component of the multitude of processes of the ecological machinery working towards improving water quality. This component performs eight vital functions directly (3.1-3.8) and is involved indirectly in some of the other twelve functions (1.1-1.6 and 2.1-2.6) so that its role is clearly polyfunctional. Living organisms of aquatic bodies (both autotrophs and heterotrophs) are enormously diverse in terms of taxonomy. Among them, autotrophs generate oxygen that is involved in the processes 2.6 and 2.4 above. Heterotrophs perform processes 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5 and some others. Virtually all biodiversity is involved. Given this polyfunctional role of aquatic organisms, in one of our publications we compared aquatic ecosystems to 'large-scale diversified bioreactors with a function of water purification' (Ostroumov, 2000). What is interesting about the biomachinery of water purification is the fact that it is an energy-saving device. It is using the energy of the sun (autotrophs) and the energy of organic matter which is being oxidized in the process of being removed from water by heterotrophs. Some interesting examples of how various organisms are incorporated in that polyfunctional activity were given by authors of the preceding papers in this volume. The importance of aquatic organisms in performing key functions in the hydrosphere provides an additional convincing rationale for protecting biodiversity. The efficiency of the entire complex of those processes leading to water purification in ecosystems is a prerequisite for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Man-made effects on any of those processes (we have shown effects of surfactants on water filtration by bivalves; some of the experiments were carried out together with Dr. P. Donkin) may impair the efficiency of water self-purification (Ostroumov, 1998; Ostroumov et al., 1998; Ostroumov & Fedorov, 1999; Ostroumov 2001a, 2001b). We postulate and predict that further studies will provide new striking examples of how important biodiversity is in performing many vital ecological processes leading to upgrading water quality. By doing so, the multifunctional participation of biodiversity supports the sustainable use of water as one of key resources for mankind. The body of new data and ideas presented in this volume will hopefully serve towards following interconnected and partially overlapping goals: prioritization of efforts on research and management in the area of aquatic resources and aquatic environment; biodiversity studies and protection; sustainable use of aquatic bioresources; advancement of aquaculture and mariculture; decreasing costs and increasing efficiencies in wastewater treatment using ecosystems; combatting eutrophication; understanding the role of biota in biogeochemical flows of chemical elements and in buffering global change. The statements and conclusions that were made in this paper were supported in a series of other publications of the author, including the book (Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9) and a string of articles. Among them: On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. (https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b), Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152 (DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177) and others. The paper was cited by a number of international experts, e. g. in the following papers: Hydrobiologia, 2006, 556: 365-379, DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7; Journal of Applied Phycology, 2005, 17: 557-567, DOI 10.1007/s10811-005-9006-6; Mediterranean Marine Science, 2007, Volume 8 (2), 19-32; Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 2009, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 215-225, DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Desalination, 2010, Vol. 250, Issue 1, Pages 118-129, DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.062. References: Ostroumov, S.A., 1998. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum. 91: 247-258. Ostroumov, S.A., 2000. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale, diversified bioreactor with the function of water self-purification (Vodnaja ekosistema: krupnorazmernyj diversifitzirovannyj bioreaktor s funktzijej samoochishchenija vody). Doklady Biological Sciences 374: 514-516 (the Russian edition: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 374: 427-429). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11103331; http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ Ostroumov, S.A., 2001a. Amphiphilic chemical inhibits the ability of molluscs to filter water and to remove the cells of phytoplankton (Amfifil'noe veshchestvo podavljaet sposobnost' molluskov filtrovat' vodu i udalat' iz nee kletki fitoplanktona). Izvestia RAN. Ser. Biology. 1: 108-116. Translated into English: An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, p. 95-102. DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000. PMID: 11236572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Ostroumov, S.A., 2001b. Effects of amphiphilic chemicals on marine organisms filter-feeders (Vozdeistvie amfifil'nykh veshchestv na morskikh gidrobiontov-filtratorov). Dokl. Akad. Nauk . Vol. 378. No. 2: 283-285. Translated into English: Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2001. 378: 248-250. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/; DOI 10.1023/A:1019270825775. Ostroumov, S.A., P. Donkin & F. Staff, 1998. Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusc (Narushenije filtratzii dvustvorchatymi molluskami pod vozdejstvijem poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv dvukh klassov). Dokl. Akad. Nauk 362: 574-576. Translated into English: Filtration inhibition induced by two classes of synthetic surfactants in the bivalve mollusk Mytilus edulis // Doklady Biological Sciences, 1998. Vol. 362, P. 454-456. Ostroumov, S.A. & V.D. Fedorov, 1999. The main components of self-purification of ecosystems and its possible impairment as a result of chemical pollution (Osnovnyje komponenty samoochishchenija ekosistem i vozmozhnost' ego narushenija v rezultate khimicheskogo zagrjaznenija). Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 16. Biology (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Ser. 16. Biologija) 1: 24-32. Spellman, F.R., 1996. Stream Ecology and Self-purification. Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Basel. 133 pp. Wetzel, R. G., 1983. Limnology. Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth. 858 pp. ADDENDUM (added when the paper was put at the web site). The main conclusions of the paper were supported in a series of publications. The following publications are among them. 1. Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton, London, New York. 2006. 279 p. ISBN 0-8493-2526-9. 2. Ostroumov S. A. The concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the water self-purification system - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 372, 2000, pp. 286–289. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs372p286biotalabil/; 3. Ostroumov S. A., Kolesnikov M. P. Biocatalysis of Matter Transfer in a Microcosm Is Inhibited by a Contaminant: Effects of a Surfactant on Limnea stagnalis. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000, 373: 397–399. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 373, No. 2, pp. 278–280. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs373p397biocatallstag/ 4. Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs374p514bioreactor/ 5. Ostroumov SA. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2000; 371:204-206. http://sites.google.com/site/2000dbs371p204criteria/ 6. Ostroumov S. A. An amphiphilic substance inhibits the mollusk capacity to filter out phytoplankton cells from water. - Biology Bulletin, 2001, Volume 28, Number 1, p. 95-102. ISSN 1062-3590 (Print) 1608-3059 (Online); DOI 10.1023/A:1026671024000; http://www.springerlink.com/content/l665628020163255/; 7. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in Trophic Webs. -Doklady Biological Sciences, 2001, Vol. 377, pp. 139–141. Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2000, Vol. 375, No. 6, pp. 847–849. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs377p139inhibitory/; 8. Ostroumov SA. The synecological approach to the problem of eutrophication. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 381:559-562. http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/Danbio6_2001v381n5.E.eutrophication.pdf 9. Ostroumov SA. The hazard of a two-level synergism of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci. (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380:499-501. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p499synerg/ 10. Ostroumov SA. Responses of Unio tumidus to mixed chemical preparations and the hazard of synecological summation of anthropogenic effects. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 380: 492-495. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs380p492unio/ 11. Ostroumov SA, Kolesnikov MP. Pellets of some mollusks in the biogeochemical flows of C, N, P, Si, and Al. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:378-381. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs379p378pellets/ 12. Ostroumov SA. Imbalance of factors providing control of unicellular plankton populations exposed to anthropogenic impact. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 379:341-343. http://sites.google.com/site/1dbs379p341imbalance/; 13. Ostroumov SA. Effect of amphiphilic chemicals on filter-feeding marine organisms.- Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2001; 378:248-250. http://sites.google.com/site/2001dbs378p248effammaroyst/ 14. Ostroumov SA. Biodiversity protection and quality of water: the role of feedbacks in ecosystems. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 382:18-21; http://sites.google.com/site/2dbs382p18biodivers/; http://www.citeulike.org/pdf/user/ATP/article/6113559/ostroumov_02_biodiversity.pdf; 15. Ostroumov SA. A new type of effect of potentially hazardous substances: uncouplers of pelagial-benthal coupling. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:127-130. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=d988acb599e121964c48114374a87e8d; www.springerlink.com/index/28V23JBFADL1Y100.pdf; 16. Ostroumov S. A. Identification of a New Type of Ecological Hazard of Chemicals: Inhibition of Processes of Ecological Remediation. - Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 385, 2002 (November), pp. 377–379. [Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 385, No. 4, 2002, pp. 571–573]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8408a7cfaa984764b812ce79c77007f2; 17. Ostroumov SA. System of principles for conservation of the biogeocenotic function and the biodiversity of filter-feeders. - Dokl Biol Sci (Doklady Biological Sciences). 2002; 383:147-150. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=888352078b275ef40a430eb5b4d7714c; 18. Ostroumov S. A., Walz N., Rusche R. Effect of a cationic amphiphilic compound on rotifers. - Doklady Biological Sciences. 2003 (May). Vol. 390. 252-255, [ISSN 0012-4966 (Print) 1608-3105 (Online)]. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=def6575c794b111fcc31275e853c2b15; 19. Ostroumov S.A. Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards. - Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 2003. 96: 159-170. PMID: 12852181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/rivista2003criteria; http://scipeople.com/uploads/materials/4389/3RB96p159Anth..Criteria.doc; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852181; 20. Ostroumov S. A. On the biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: elements of the theory. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 396, Numbers 1-6, p. 206-211. https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=60f338228d6f3c5114d223ab81e15d3b; 21. Ostroumov S. A., Widdows J. Inhibition of mussel suspension feeding by surfactants of three classes. // Hydrobiologia. 2006. Vol. 556, No. 1. Pages: 381 – 386. DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-1200-7; http://sites.google.com/site/ostroumovsergei/publications-1/hydrobiologia2006ostwidd; http://sites.google.com/site/3surfactantsfiltrationmytilus/; http://scipeople.ru/uploads/materials/4389/_Hydrobiologia2006%20vol%20556%20No.1%20pages381-386.pdf; http://www.springerlink.com/content/7166067538534421/ 22. Ostroumov S. A. Biotic self-purification of aquatic ecosystems: from the theory to ecotechnologies. - Ecologica, 2007. vol. 15 (50), p.15-23. (ISSN 0354-3285). [http://scindeks.nb.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32850750015O]. 23. Ostroumov S.A., Shestakova T.V. Decreasing the measurable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the water of the experimental systems containing Ceratophyllum demersum: The phytoremediation potential // Doklady Biological Sciences 2009, Vol. 428, No. 1, p. 444-447. http://sites.google.com/site/9dbs444/; https://www.researchgate.net/file.FileLoader.html?key=8fd8998627b86102db72c9b237c25054; 24. Ostroumov S.A. Towards the general theory of ecosystem-depended control of water quality. - Ecologica, 2009, vol. 16, No. 54, p. 25-32. http://sites.google.com/site/9enecologica16p25theory/ 25. Ostroumov S. A. Basics of the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification.- Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 147-152. ISSN 1995-4255 (Print) 1995-4263 (Online); DOI 10.1134/S1995425508010177; The paper was cited and its conclusions were supported in the publications below: Цитировали paper [Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia (Springer Netherlands),ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online), Volume 469, Numbers 1-3 / 2002 (February); p. 203-204; DOI 10.1023/A:1015555022737] /Cited by: Water Quality of Effluent-dominated Ecosystems: Ecotoxicological, Hydrological, and Management Considerations. - Hydrobiologia (Springer Netherlands) ISSN 0018-8158 (Print) 1573-5117 (Online); Volume 556, Number 1, 2006 (February); p. 365-379; DOI 10.1007/s10750-004-0189-7; Bryan W. Brooks1 , Timothy M. Riley2 and Ritchie D. Taylor3 (1) Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, Texas 76798, USA (2) Barton Springs / Edwards Aquifer Conservation District, 1124 Regal Row, Austin, Texas 78748, USA (3) Department of Public Health, Centre for Water Resource Studies, Western Kentucky University, 1 Big Red Way, EST 437, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA - - - - ---------------------------- Integrated outdoor culture of two estuarine macroalgae as biofilters for dissolved … I. Hernandez, M.A. Fernández-Engo, J.L. Pérez- … - Journal of Applied …, 2005 - Springer Ignacio Hernández ∗ , M. Angeles Fernández-Engo, J. Lucas Pérez-Lloréns & Juan J. Vergara Area de Ecologıa, Universidad de Cádiz, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain ∗ Author for correspondence: e-mail: ignacio.hernandez@uca.es - - - -------------------- Medit. Mar. Sci., 8/2, 2007, 19-32 Mediterranean Marine Science Volume 8/2, 2007, 19-32 Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece Y. CHATZINIKOLAOU 1, 2 and M. LAZARIDOU1 1Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 2Institute of Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Hellas - - - ---------------------------------------- Assessment of ecosystem health of tropical shallow waterbodies in eastern India using turbulence model Authors: N. R. Samal a; A. Mazumdar b; K. D. Joumlhnk c;F. Peeters d Affiliations: a Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India; b School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; c Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany d Limnologisches Institut, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany DOI: 10.1080/14634980902908589; Published in: Journal Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Volume 12, Issue 2 April 2009 , pages 215 – 225; - - - ------- Intra-basin spatial approach on pollution load estimation in a large Mediterranean … Y. Chatzinikolaou, A. Ioannou, M. Lazaridou - Desalination, 2010; ---------
Ostroumov S.A. Polyfunctional role of biodiversity in processes leading to water purification: current conceptualizations and concluding remarks. - Hydrobiologia, 2002, 469: 203-204.

http://scipeople.ru/publication/66669/; S. A. Ostroumov. Basics of the Molecular-Ecological Mechanism of Water Quality Formation and Water Self-Purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 147–152. DOI: 10.1134/S1995425508010177 [ISSN 1995-4255, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.] Key words: modern ecological theory, polyfunctional role, biota, mechanism, water quality, self-purification, aquatic ecosystems, freshwater, marine, sources of energy, structural and functional units, processes, major taxa, reliability, external factors, man-made impact, anthropogenic, pollution, pollutants, biodiversity protection, filter-feeders, bivalves, xenobiotics, organic and inorganic pollutants, synthetic surfactants, detergents, heavy metals, sustainable use, water and biological resources, ecosystem health, ecosystem services, best management Abstract.—The paper formulates basics of a new modern ecological theory of the polyfunctional role of biota in the molecular-ecological mechanism of water quality formation and water self-purification in aquatic ecosystems. The theory covers the following items: (1) sources of energy for self-purification mechanisms, (2) the main structural and functional units of the water self-purification biomachinery, (3) the main processes involved, (4) contributions of major taxa (groups of organisms) to self-purification, (5) system reliability, (6) the response of the system as a whole to external factors (esp. chemical pollution by xenobiotics including both organic and inorganic pollutants), (7) particulars of the operation of water purification mechanisms, and (8) conclusions and recommendations for biodiversity protection practice, and for sustainable use of water and biological resources. The theory was supported by new author’s experiments and recent publications.
Basics of the Molecular-Ecological Mechanism of Water Quality Formation and Water Self-Purification. - Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 147–152.